World Journal of Applied Medical Sciences
World Journal of Applied Medical Sciences, ISSN: 3049-0200 (Online) is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal dedicated to the dissemination of academic and scientific research in the medical sciences. Published monthly by WASR Publication in India, the journal provides a platform for researchers and scholars to publish high-quality articles. All content is available online and published in English, making it accessible to a global audience.
Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B Virus Markers among Pregnant Women at the Cité-verte District Hospital in Yaoundé Cameroon
Background: Chronic Hepatitis B virus (HBV) remains a critical global health threat, with sub-Saharan Africa facing a disproportionate burden of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT). In Cameroon, localized data on the full spectrum of HBV serological markers is essential to refine prevention strategies. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of five HBV markers and identify factors influencing neonatal health security. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from March to November 2025 at the Cite-verte District Hospital in Yaoundé. Convenience sampling was used to recruit 214 pregnant women. HBV markers (HBsAg, HBeAg, anti-HBs, anti-HBc, anti-HBe) were screened using rapid diagnostic tests and confirmed via ELISA. Data were analyzed using Fisher's exact test and Odds Ratios (OR) with a significance level of p < 0.05. Results: HBsAg seroprevalence was 16.4%, with 51.4% of these cases being HBeAg-positive, indicating high infectivity. All HBsAg and HBeAg positive cases were concentrated in the second trimester (p < 0.001). Primiparous women were significantly more likely to be HBsAg-positive (74.3%; p = 0.004). Blood transfusion was identified as a massive risk factor for transmissibility (OR = 41.56; 95% CI [12.69–136.12]; p < 0.001). No co-infections with HCV or HDV were detected. Conclusion: The high endemicity (16.4%) and significant HBeAg positivity pose a severe silent threat for vertical transmission in Yaoundé. These findings advocate for mandatory second-trimester screening and the integration of antiviral prophylaxis for high-risk mothers to ensure neonatal health security.
Analyzing the Strategic Role of Religious Leadership in Shaping and Facilitating Sustainable Peace Processes: A case study of Liberia
This study provides an in-depth analysis of the strategic role of religious leaders in shaping and facilitating sustainable peace processes, using Liberia as a case study to explore the dynamics of faith-based interventions in conflict resolution. Liberia’s experience during and after its protracted civil wars (1989-1997 and 1999-2003) highlights the transformative potential of religious leaders as essential actors in mediating peace and promoting reconciliation. Building on the collective efforts of Christian and Muslim leaders through the Interfaith Council of Liberia (IRCL), the research highlights how these leaders have exercised their moral authority, cultural resonance, and interfaith cooperation to mediate dialogue between warring factions, safeguard ceasefires, and promote inclusiveness. framework for sustainable peace. The study uses a qualitative case study methodology, historical narrative synthesis, semi-structured interviews with key actors, and policy analysis to elucidate the mechanisms and strategies used by religious leaders in Liberia. Central themes explored include their ability to mobilize grassroots groups, address deep-rooted sociocultural grievances, and serve as neutral mediators in a context of extreme polarization and distrust. The findings also reveal how their advocacy has expanded beyond political negotiations to include humanitarian support, community reconstruction, and moral reorientation aimed at fostering forgiveness and coexistence. In addition, the research critically examines the challenges facing religious leaders, such as managing political interference, resource constraints, and balancing interfaith unity and doctrinal differences. Despite these challenges, the study shows that their continued engagement and strategic interventions laid the foundation for immediate conflict mitigation and long-term peacebuilding. Interfaith cooperation in the IRCL has not only bridged religious divisions, but has also set a precedent for inclusive governance and social cohesion in post-conflict Liberia. This case study advances the broader discourse on the role of religious leadership in conflict resolution, highlighting its potential as a complementary force to traditional peacebuilding efforts led by the state and the international community. By integrating religious leaders into formal peace processes and policy frameworks, societies can leverage their unique moral legitimacy, popular influence and capacity for reconciliation to resolve entrenched conflicts. The findings provide valuable insights for researchers, policy makers, and practitioners in the fields of peace studies, conflict resolution, and governance, providing a replicable model for using faith-based leadership in conflict-like contexts. global scale.
Exploring the Role of Ecclesiastical Institutions in Augmenting Antiretroviral Drug Distribution: A Critical Examination of Faith-Based Health Interventions
The distribution of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs is essential to combat the HIV/AIDS epidemic, as it has a direct impact on disease management, prevention, and the overall quality of life of people living with HIV. While government and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have been at the forefront of ARV distribution, church-based institutions have increasingly demonstrated their potential as essential partners in health service delivery, particularly in resource-limited communities. This study explores the multifaceted role of faith-based organizations (FBOs) in ARV drug distribution through an in-depth examination of faith-based health interventions. Using qualitative and quantitative research methodologies, the study examines how churches leverage their extensive local networks, high levels of trust among local populations, and their spiritual authority to address key challenges of ARV distribution. These include reducing stigma and discrimination related to HIV/AIDS, improving access to healthcare in remote or marginalized areas, and filling gaps in health infrastructure and human resources. The study also identifies innovative models of care used by faith-based organizations, such as mobile clinics, community health programs, and the integration of spiritual counseling with medical care, which contribute to a more holistic approach to treating HIV. Despite these contributions, the study highlights some ongoing challenges. These include limited financial and logistical resources, inconsistencies in the quality of care, reliance on external funding, and lack of systematic integration into national health strategies. In addition, theological and cultural perspectives within faith-based settings sometimes inadvertently perpetuate stigma, necessitating strategic interventions to connect religious doctrines with public health goals. The findings highlight the need for structured partnerships between church-based institutions, government health systems, and international health organizations to maximize the impact of ARV distribution. By fostering collaboration, providing capacity-building initiatives, and ensuring alignment with broader health policies, faith-based institutions can play a transformative role in promoting equitable access to ARVs and improving health outcomes for people living with HIV/AIDS. This study highlights the critical importance of leveraging the unique strengths of faith-based organizations while addressing their limitations to optimize health care delivery in the context of HIV/AIDS.
Transformative Policy Innovations for Mitigating HIV Drug Resistance: Integrating Genomic Insights and Global Health Strategies
HIV drug resistance is a major obstacle in the global fight against the HIV/AIDS epidemic. The rise of resistant viral strains threatens the effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy (ART). This situation increases treatment costs and negatively affects patient outcomes. This paper looks at new policy ideas to reduce HIV drug resistance by combining genomic insights with global health strategies. Improvements in genomic tracking and molecular epidemiology have made it possible to detect resistance-related mutations early. This offers valuable chances for personalized treatment plans and evidence-based public health actions. The study discusses how genomic data can shape treatment guidelines, improve surveillance systems, and aid focused prevention efforts. It also stresses the need for international cooperation, fair access to diagnostic tools, ongoing healthcare funding, and skill development in low-resource areas. By connecting scientific advancements with policy change, this paper suggests a clear plan for lowering HIV drug resistance and enhancing long-term treatment results. The findings show that merging genomic technologies with national and global HIV initiatives is crucial for controlling the epidemic sustainably and meeting global health targets.
Evaluating Advanced Stochastic Modeling for Estimating the Long-Term Demographic Impact of HIV: Methodologies and Policy Implications
The long-term demographic impact of HIV remains a major public health issue, as the epidemic continues to shape the health, economic, and social landscapes of many parts of the world. This study systematically evaluates a range of advanced stochastic modeling techniques for estimating the demographic consequences of HIV, highlighting their applicability, accuracy and relevance to inform policy decisions. Given the complexity of the HIV epidemic, characterized by uncertainty, non-linear relationships, and the impact of different and evolving intervention strategies, sophisticated models are essential to generate reliable projections. We explore a range of stochastic methods, including Monte Carlo simulations, Markov chains, and agent-based models, each of which offers unique strengths in capturing the stochastic nature of disease progression, transmission dynamics, and effects at the population level. The article also examines how these models can be used to predict key demographic outcomes such as life expectancy, population growth, fertility rates, mortality and morbidity trends in affected regions. out of proportion by HIV. Through comparative analysis, we assess the accuracy of these models in predicting the trajectory of the epidemic over several decades, taking into account factors such as the availability of antiretroviral therapy (ART), prevention efforts, and the evolution of high-risk behaviors. One of the central themes of the study is the role of population projections in the development of public health strategies. By linking the results of stochastic models to policy needs, we examine how these projections can inform decisions related to health care planning, resource allocation, and intervention prioritization. In particular, the article highlights the importance of integrating demographic knowledge into public health frameworks, ensuring that interventions are not only responsive to immediate needs, but also sustainable in the face of future uncertainties. The study also addresses the broader implications of these models for healthcare infrastructure, emphasizing the need for strategic planning in the allocation of resources such as health personnel, facilities, and treatment programs. The models provide valuable insights into how to optimize the delivery of interventions to achieve the greatest demographic impact. In addition, the article examines the role of stochastic modeling in assessing the effectiveness of HIV prevention programs and their potential to reduce new infections, improve health outcomes, and prevent new demographic disruptions. Finally, the article advocates for the adoption of flexible and adaptable modeling frameworks that can evolve as the HIV epidemic landscape evolves. These frameworks should be designed to incorporate new data, reflect the impact of emerging health technologies, and adapt to changing population dynamics. By providing a comprehensive approach to population forecasting, this study highlights the need for dynamic, evidence-based policy responses that can address the long-term challenges of HIV and ensure that interventions are effective and sustainable in combating the epidemic.
Assessing a Mathematical Model of HIV Transmission Dynamics: A Case Study on Commercial Sex Workers and Injection Drug Users in Lusaka
The global HIV epidemic continues to pose significant public health challenges, particularly in urban areas where high-risk populations are concentrated. In many settings, interactions between sex workers and people who inject drugs contribute substantially to the dynamics of HIV transmission. This study develops and evaluates a mathematical model that aims to understand the complex interaction of these interactions in the context of Lusaka, Zambia. Using demographic, behavioral and epidemiological data, the study uses a compartmental modeling approach to simulate transmission pathways and analyze the impact of targeted intervention strategies. Key factors that support HIV transmission are examined, including behavioral patterns such as inconsistent condom use among sex workers, the frequency of needle-sharing practices among drug users for injection, and the overlap between these populations. The model incorporates heterogeneity in population dynamics and identifies the most influential parameters through sensitivity analysis. This approach allows us to explore the robustness of the model and its response to changes in intervention scenarios. Numerical simulations are conducted to assess the potential effects of various public health interventions, including harm reduction programs for IDUs, widespread condom distribution, and expanded access to antiretroviral treatment (ART). The results show that a combination of interventions can significantly reduce HIV transmission rates among these high-risk groups. For example, scaling up harm reduction programs for IDUs, combined with continued promotion of condom use among sex workers, results in a marked decrease in new infections. The study also highlights the importance of ART as an essential tool not only for treatment, but also for reducing viral load and subsequent transmission risks. This research highlights the utility of mathematical modeling to capture the subtleties of HIV transmission dynamics, particularly in urban settings characterized by unique socio-behavioral factors. Furthermore, the findings provide actionable information for public health policy, advocating for integrated and context-specific strategies to address the HIV epidemic in Lusaka and similar settings. The study highlights the role of mathematical modeling as an essential framework to inform evidence-based interventions and advance the global fight against HIV.
Analyzing how early marriage affects access to education, particularly for young girls, and proposing solutions to mitigate this issue
Early marriage remains a widespread problem that prevents girls from accessing education, particularly in developing regions where cultural, economic and social factors combine to perpetuate the practice. Deep-rooted cultural norms, poverty and systemic gender inequality often prioritize early marriage roles over girls’ education and personal development. This dynamic leads to high dropout rates, thereby limiting girls’ opportunities for academic success, personal growth and economic independence. The effects of early marriage extend beyond the individual, leading to broader societal implications, including the perpetuation of poverty, reduced labour force participation and persistent gender inequality. This article explores the multifaceted impact of early marriage on education, highlighting issues such as interrupted learning trajectories, limited career aspirations and erosion of self-confidence. The analysis also takes into account intergenerational effects, as young, uneducated mothers are less likely to prioritize their children’s education or facilitate their schooling, thus perpetuating a cycle of limited opportunities. It also examines the intersection between early marriage and health, as early pregnancies often jeopardize the well-being of both mother and child, while also hindering academic progress. To address this pressing issue, the study proposes a comprehensive approach, including enforcing strict child marriage laws, implementing culturally sensitive community outreach programs, and providing economic incentives to families to encourage school retention. Structural reforms are essential to create safe, inclusive, and accessible learning environments for girls, as well as targeted interventions to overcome the economic and social barriers they face. Collaborative efforts involving governments, civil society organizations, faith-based institutions, and local communities are essential to ensure that policies and programs are relevant and effective in context. Empowering girls through education is not only a basic human right, but also a catalyst for social transformation. By breaking the cycle of early marriage, societies can promote gender equality, improve economic stability, and advance the Sustainable Development Goals. This article highlights the urgent need to coordinate global and local efforts to prioritize education as a key strategy in the fight against early marriage and its long-term consequences.
HIV and Poverty: A Synergistic Challenge to Achieving Global Health Equity – Advanced Strategies for Integrated Solutions
The intersection of HIV and poverty represents a multifaceted and synergistic challenge that continues to undermine efforts to achieve global health equity. Poverty is a significant factor in vulnerability to HIV, limiting access to vital resources such as education, health care, and prevention programs. It creates environments in which individuals, particularly in marginalized and underserved communities, are at greater risk of exposure due to insufficient knowledge, limited access to protective measures, and limited health services. Conversely, HIV exacerbates poverty by placing heavy socio-economic burdens on affected individuals and families. The disease reduces labor force participation, drains family resources through high medical costs, and perpetuates stigma and discrimination, further exacerbating economic disadvantage. Together, these dynamics create a vicious circle that prevents sustainable development and perpetuates global inequality. This research provides an in-depth exploration of the complex and bidirectional relationship between HIV and poverty, highlighting the urgent need for integrated multi-sectoral interventions. It uses a comprehensive approach that includes qualitative and quantitative methodologies, case studies in highly affected regions, and advanced theoretical frameworks to analyze how these two phenomena are reinforced. Particular attention is paid to the systemic inequalities that support this double burden, including gender inequalities, lack of access to education and inadequate social safety nets. The study also highlights the transformative potential of innovative solutions that address these two challenges simultaneously. These include economic empowerment initiatives such as microfinance and income generation programs, expanding social protection systems to cushion economic shocks, and strategically integrating health care and HIV prevention services into the poverty reduction framework. In addition, community-based approaches that leverage local knowledge and promote inclusive participation are explored as essential avenues to ensure the sustainability of these interventions. The findings highlight the importance of a holistic and coordinated strategy that combines public health efforts with poverty reduction programs to create synergistic impact. By addressing the root causes and structural drivers of HIV and poverty, this research aims to inform policymakers, health care providers, and development practitioners on sustainable strategies that prioritize equity and inclusion. Ultimately, this study contributes to the global discourse on achieving health equity and sustainable development, providing actionable knowledge to break the cycle of HIV and poverty and improve the lives of vulnerable populations around the world.
Evaluating the Efficacy of Legal and Policy Frameworks in Mitigating HIV-Related Stigma: A Comparative Global Analysis of Legal Protections and Their Impact on Health Outcomes
HIV-related stigma remains one of the most persistent challenges to effective HIV prevention, treatment, and care worldwide. It profoundly impacts the health and well-being of individuals living with HIV by fostering discrimination, social exclusion, and psychological distress, which in turn affect their willingness to seek care and adhere to treatment regimens. Despite significant advancements in medical treatments, stigma continues to hinder efforts to control the spread of HIV, especially in resource-constrained settings where fear of disclosure often results in delayed diagnosis and inadequate care. Legal and policy frameworks play a critical role in addressing this challenge, offering protections against discrimination and promoting an inclusive healthcare environment that encourages individuals to seek the services they need without fear of judgment or reprisal. This study evaluates the effectiveness of legal and policy interventions aimed at reducing HIV-related stigma across diverse global contexts. Through a comparative analysis, the research examines how different countries and regions have implemented laws, regulations, and institutional strategies to protect the rights of people living with HIV, focusing on the protection of privacy, nondiscrimination in healthcare access, and the broader social and cultural challenges that contribute to stigma. By exploring specific legislative measures, such as antidiscrimination laws, mandatory HIV education in healthcare settings, and policies aimed at reducing HIV-related stigma in the workplace and other social spaces, this research aims to identify which interventions have been most successful in promoting positive health outcomes for individuals living with HIV. The study further investigates the broader impact of these legal frameworks on public health, including improvements in treatment adherence, engagement with prevention services, and overall health outcomes for HIV-positive individuals. It also explores the intersectionality of HIV-related stigma with other forms of social marginalization, such as gender, sexuality, and race, to understand how these factors influence the efficacy of legal protections. By drawing on case studies from various countries with differing levels of healthcare infrastructure and legal protections, the research provides a nuanced understanding of the challenges and successes in addressing HIV-related stigma. The findings offer key insights for policymakers, international organizations, and advocacy groups working to develop and refine legal frameworks that protect the rights of people living with HIV. Ultimately, the study aims to contribute to a global dialogue on the importance of legal reform in reducing HIV-related stigma, improving access to healthcare, and ensuring better health outcomes for people living with HIV.
Advanced Behavioral Interventions for HIV Prevention: Analyzing the Impact on Risk Reduction and the Transformation of Community Norms
The global HIV epidemic continues to be one of the most persistent and complex public health challenges, particularly in regions with high transmission rates, such as sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and Eastern and Central Europe. Although significant progress has been made in the biomedical field, with the development and widespread use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), these measures alone are not sufficient to completely stop HIV transmission. Therefore, behavioral interventions remain an essential element in the fight against HIV/AIDS. These interventions address the underlying risk factors associated with HIV transmission, providing a holistic approach to prevention that complements biomedical strategies. This study aims to explore advanced behavioral interventions designed to reduce the risk of HIV transmission, focusing specifically on modifying high-risk behaviors and changing social and cultural norms related to HIV prevention. The study evaluates the effectiveness of these behavioral strategies, which include the promotion of safer sexual practices such as consistent condom use, regular HIV testing, and adherence to antiretroviral treatment regimens. Focusing on behavioral change, this study highlights the potential of these interventions to empower individuals and communities to take control of their health, reducing the risk of transmission. A key aspect of the study is to examine community-level interventions aimed at changing social norms, reducing HIV-related stigma and encouraging more people to seek prevention and treatment services. These interventions often face significant challenges due to prevailing cultural and social attitudes, which can constitute significant obstacles to effective HIV prevention. The study evaluates the role of programs that are based on peer education, health communication campaigns, and community mobilization efforts in changing these norms, providing an insight into how these approaches can promote a successful behavior change in high-risk populations. The study also considers the intersectionality of HIV prevention, recognizing that risk factors and prevention strategies differ significantly across groups. Tailored interventions that address the unique needs of specific populations, such as men who have sex with men (MSM), sex workers, adolescents, and people living with HIV, are explored in depth. This nuanced approach recognizes the diverse social, cultural, and economic factors that influence HIV risk and emphasizes the importance of personalized prevention strategies that address the realities and challenges these groups face. The research also underscores the need for an integrated approach to HIV prevention, which combines both behavioral and biomedical interventions. While ART and PrEP have proven effective in preventing HIV transmission, their success is often contingent upon behavioral factors such as adherence to treatment and prevention protocols. This study advocates for a comprehensive strategy that simultaneously addresses the biomedical aspects of HIV prevention while also fostering behavioral change within communities. It emphasizes the importance of understanding how behavior influences the uptake of biomedical interventions, such as ART and PrEP, and the role of community engagement in ensuring the success of these prevention strategies. By highlighting the significance of behavioral change, this research calls for a more nuanced and dynamic approach to HIV prevention. It proposes that a focus on community-driven efforts—such as peer-led education, stigma reduction campaigns, and health communication—coupled with the availability of biomedical solutions, offers the most promising route toward curbing the HIV epidemic. Ultimately, the study argues for the transformation of community norms surrounding HIV, advocating for an environment where HIV-related health practices are not only accepted but embraced. This holistic approach has the potential to reduce transmission rates, improve the quality of life for individuals living with HIV, and support global efforts toward the eradication of the epidemic. Through this research, actionable insights are provided for policymakers, health organizations, and public health practitioners, offering a comprehensive framework for improving global HIV prevention strategies. By integrating advanced behavioral interventions with biomedical advancements, the study aims to create a more supportive and effective environment for combating HIV, reducing transmission risks, and achieving the UNAIDS 95-95-95 targets for 2030.
Bridging Policy and Practice: A Critical Analysis of Zambian Government-Private Sector Collaborations in Achieving HIV Eradication by 2030
The global ambition to eradicate HIV/AIDS by 2030 requires comprehensive and collaborative efforts, particularly in high-burden countries like Zambia. As part of its response, the Zambian government has increasingly relied on the private sector to supplement its efforts to combat the epidemic. This study critically examines the interaction between policy and practice in these partnerships, focusing on how these partnerships contribute to achieving universal access to HIV prevention, treatment and care. Using a multidisciplinary approach, the research analyses existing policy frameworks, implementation mechanisms, and outcomes of government-private sector engagements in addressing the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Data were drawn from policy documents, stakeholder interviews, and case studies of successful and challenged partnerships. The findings show that while government-private sector partnerships have contributed to expanding access to HIV services (testing campaigns, resource mobilization, and innovation in service delivery), they are constrained by systemic issues. These include regulatory gaps, inconsistent funding models, limited data-sharing mechanisms, and socio-cultural stigma that hinders service uptake. The study highlights best practices, such as leveraging corporate social responsibility initiatives, integrating private sector resources into public health programs, and fostering innovation through technological and pharmaceutical advances. However, it also identifies critical barriers, such as policy inadequacies, inequities in resource allocation, and lack of stakeholder coordination, that limit the scalability and sustainability of these interventions. To overcome these challenges, research requires an adaptive and comprehensive regulatory framework that harmonizes the roles of government and private entities while fostering community engagement. Such a framework should prioritize transparency, equity, and efficiency to maximize the impact of partnerships. In addition, capacity-building efforts, sustainable financing, and improved monitoring and evaluation systems are essential to ensure sustainable progress. This analysis provides valuable insights and practical recommendations for strengthening synergies between the public and private sectors. By addressing existing gaps and leveraging collective strengths, Zambia can accelerate its journey toward ending HIV/AIDS by 2030, serving as a model for other nations pursuing similar goals.
Exploring the Formulation and Molecular Mechanisms of Antiretroviral Drugs: A Comparative Analysis of Protease Inhibitors, NRTIs, and Emerging Therapies in HIV Treatment
This study comprehensively examines the complex formulation and molecular mechanisms of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs, with an emphasis on the evolution of HIV therapeutic strategies. It first traces the path from the development of protease inhibitors (PIs), which played a key role in the early treatment of HIV, to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), which have become a mainstay of modern HIV treatment. The study also highlights the shift to newer and more innovative treatments that promise to improve outcomes for people living with HIV. The research presents an in-depth comparative analysis of the major classes of ARVs, exploring the chemical structures, molecular targets, and mechanisms of action that underlie their antiviral activity. It evaluates the pharmacokinetic profiles of these drugs, their efficacy in suppressing viral loads, and their ability to delay disease progression. In addition, the study evaluates the clinical performance of these ARVs, taking into account factors such as patient adherence, side effects and long-term outcomes. A significant portion of the study is dedicated to understanding the molecular interactions between ARVs and the HIV virus. It identifies critical challenges such as the emergence of drug-resistant strains of HIV, which complicate treatment regimens, and examines the mechanisms by which HIV mutates to evade the effects of antiretroviral therapy. The research also examines the side effects associated with ARVs, including toxicity and their impact on organ systems, and discusses challenges associated with drug formulation, such as bioavailability, stability and pill burden. In addition, the study examines the advent of next-generation HIV treatments. New treatment options include integrase inhibitors, which block the viral enzyme responsible for integrating HIV DNA into host cells, and long-acting injectable ARVs, which promise to reduce pill counts and improve patient compliance. Combination therapies, which combine multiple ARVs into a single regimen, are also being studied because they help improve viral suppression while minimizing the development of resistance. By analyzing these developments, the research provides valuable insights into innovations that will guide the future of HIV treatment. It also addresses strategies to overcome clinical barriers, such as optimizing treatment regimens to improve patient outcomes, and identifies key areas of interest for future research, including the need for more effective, sustainable, and personalized treatments. In doing so, this study provides a comprehensive understanding of the challenges and advances in ARV drug design, resistance management, and treatment strategies, providing essential information for clinicians, pharmaceutical researchers, and policymakers working toward more effective HIV therapies worldwide.
Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs)
Assessing Student Empowerment and Public Health Outcomes through HIV Awareness Corners in Higher Education: A Multidisciplinary and Policy-Oriented Inquiry
This research critically examines the role of HIV awareness spaces in higher education institutions as a strategic mechanism to foster student empowerment and promote favorable public health outcomes. Recognizing the central role that educational institutions play in shaping social health behaviors, this study uses a multidisciplinary framework that includes education, public health, and policy analysis to assess the effectiveness of health awareness initiatives. The investigation examines how these designated awareness spaces, often characterized by posters, brochures, multimedia presentations and interactive discussions, serve as platforms to improve students' understanding of HIV transmission, prevention, care and the reduction of stigma. At the heart of this research, this research seeks to determine if HIV awareness areas can effectively empower students by providing them with the knowledge, skills and attitudes needed to make informed decisions about their sexual health. In addition, the study examines the adverse effects of these initiatives to improve broader public health outcomes, including reducing HIV transmission rates, promoting regular testing and acceptance of people living with HIV. The study also explores the intersection between campus health education and national and regional public health campaigns, assessing how higher education institutions can serve as catalysts for broader social change. Using a mixed-methods research design, the study gathers qualitative and quantitative data from a variety of sources, including student-administered surveys, in-depth focus group discussions, and a critical examination of institutional and government health policies. These methodologies provide insights into students’ levels of awareness, attitudes, and behaviors before and after exposure to campus-based HIV awareness campaigns. The study also examines the sustainability and scalability of HIV awareness spaces, considering resource allocation, institutional commitment, and student participation rates. Through this comprehensive study, the research aims to provide practical recommendations for policymakers, educators, and public health advocates to improve HIV awareness and prevention efforts in higher education institutions. The findings highlight the importance of integrating HIV education into campus life as an essential part of a comprehensive public health strategy. By fostering an environment where students are not only informed but also empowered to take action, these awareness-raising initiatives can make a significant contribution to reducing the stigma surrounding HIV, increasing uptake of HIV testing and treatment, and ultimately having a long-term impact on public health outcomes at the local and global levels. The study calls for greater collaboration between higher education institutions, health authorities, and policymakers to create a supportive ecosystem that nurtures informed, proactive, and socially responsible future leaders in the fight against HIV.
Bibliometric Analysis of HIV/AIDS Research among University Students: Trends, Gaps, and Implications for Policy and Interventions
This study presents a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of HIV/AIDS research among college students to uncover emerging trends, critical research gaps, and implications for policy and intervention design. College students represent a unique demographic that is highly susceptible to HIV/AIDS-related risk behaviors and critical for shaping future social norms for health. Using data from peer-reviewed articles published between 2000 and 2025, the analysis systematically examines publication trends, geographic distribution, thematic focus, and collaboration patterns in the field. The study categorizes existing research into key thematic areas, including prevalence studies, behavioral risk factors, prevention strategies, psychosocial impacts of stigma, mental health considerations, and the role of digital technologies in health issues. The results reveal a steady increase in research volume over the past two decades, with significant contributions from Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and North America. Research findings in sub-Saharan Africa are particularly driven by the disproportionate burden of HIV/AIDS in the region. Despite this growth, the analysis identifies critical gaps, such as the underrepresentation of male university students, LGBTQ+ populations, and research examining the interaction between HIV/AIDS and digital behaviors, such as social media use and online health care research practices. In addition, the study highlights the lack of interdisciplinary and multi-institutional collaborations, which limits the reach of innovative solutions that address the broader social determinants of health, including socioeconomic inequalities and cultural stigma. The findings highlight the urgency of policies tailored to the specific vulnerabilities and behaviors of university students. For example, integrating HIV/AIDS education into campus health programs and adopting digital platforms for prevention campaigns can increase awareness and engagement. The study also advocates for interdisciplinary research approaches that connect public health, psychology, sociology, and technology to create holistic and sustainable intervention strategies. In addition, it calls for greater attention to marginalized groups in academia, such as LGBTQ+ students and international students, who may face particular vulnerabilities. By highlighting gaps and opportunities in the existing body of research, this bibliometric analysis provides guidance for researchers, policymakers, and health practitioners. It calls for a more nuanced understanding of the dynamics of HIV/AIDS among university students and the implementation of evidence-based interventions to effectively address this public health challenge. The study highlights the need for long-term, context-sensitive policies and programs that not only mitigate the prevalence of HIV/AIDS but also promote broader sexual and reproductive education, thereby fostering healthier and more inclusive academic communities in a globalized world.
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Case Management Interventions in HIV Care: Impact on Treatment Adherence, Disclosure, and Patient Outcomes
HIV care is not limited to antiretroviral therapy (ART), but also includes addressing the complex psychosocial needs of people living with the virus. This comprehensive approach is often facilitated by case management interventions, which provide coordinated support for patients throughout their HIV care journey. These interventions are increasingly recognized for their potential to improve ART adherence, promote HIV status disclosure, and ultimately improve the quality of life and health outcomes of people living with HIV. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of HIV case management programs, with a focus on their impact on treatment adherence, the social dynamics of disclosure, and broader patient outcomes, such as mental health and overall well-being. A mixed methods research design was adopted to provide a holistic view of the effects of case management on patients. The quantitative component involved the analysis of antiretroviral treatment adherence rates among patients enrolled in case management programs in three health centers in sub-Saharan Africa. These centers were selected based on their established case management services and the high prevalence of HIV in the area. Adherence to antiretroviral therapy was monitored using a combination of electronic medication adherence monitoring tools and self-reported adherence questionnaires. The qualitative component of the study involved conducting in-depth interviews with patients and health care providers. These interviews explored patients' experiences of HIV case management interventions, focusing on their ability to manage HIV-related stigma, decision-making processes related to HIV disclosure their HIV status to family and peers, and the emotional and social support provided by case managers. Healthcare providers were also surveyed to gain insight into perceived challenges and successes in implementing case management strategies. The results show that case management interventions have a significant positive effect on adherence to antiretroviral treatment. Patients who received personalized care, including regular follow-up, counseling, and education, had higher adherence rates than those who were not enrolled in case management programs. In addition, these patients reported feeling more empowered in their ability to manage their HIV, both medically and socially. This was particularly evident in the context of discovery. Case management programs provide patients with the tools and emotional support to disclose their HIV status to family, peers, and in some cases the wider community. This finding, in turn, has helped reduce the stigma surrounding HIV, promoting better social integration and mental health outcomes. In addition, the study identified specific challenges that continue to undermine the effectiveness of case management interventions. These challenges include the persistence of social stigma, particularly among certain populations such as women and adolescents, which remains a significant barrier to treatment adherence and disclosure. While case management can provide support, it cannot completely eliminate the social and cultural barriers that patients face in disclosing their HIV status or adhering to treatment. The findings also highlighted the need for case management interventions to be culturally sensitive and adaptable to the unique needs of different populations. For example, in some settings, women may require different support mechanisms than men, and adolescent patients may face particular challenges in terms of autonomy and the ability to make informed decisions about their health. This study highlights the critical role that case management can play in improving HIV treatment outcomes, including improving adherence to antiretroviral therapy and facilitating detection. However, the research also highlights the importance of addressing broader social and cultural determinants of health, such as stigma, which continue to limit the effectiveness of case management interventions. Based on the findings, the study advocates for integrating case management into routine HIV care, alongside other complementary strategies such as community-based programs, mental health support, and risk reduction initiatives. Additionally, future research should focus on the scalability of case management models, exploring how they can be adapted to different healthcare settings, particularly in resource-limited settings, to ensure that people living with HIV can access the holistic care they need to lead healthier, more fulfilling lives.
Molecular Epidemiology of HIV-1 Subtypes: Exploring Transmission Dynamics, Viral Evolution, and Implications for Targeted Vaccine Development in Sub-Saharan Africa
HIV-1 continues to be a major global health problem, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, where the epidemic remains most severe. Despite advances in treatment and prevention strategies, the persistence and spread of the virus in this region is influenced by a number of complex factors, including HIV-1 genetic diversity, human behavior, and socioeconomic conditions. One of the main areas of interest in understanding HIV-1 transmission in sub-Saharan Africa is the role of different viral subtypes, each of which has distinct characteristics that influence transmission dynamics and disease progression. Molecular epidemiology provides the tools needed to unravel the genetic makeup of HIV-1 subtypes and track their transmission patterns, providing valuable insights into how the virus spreads within communities, among populations, and across geographic regions. This study aims to examine the molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 subtypes circulating in sub-Saharan Africa, focusing on three predominant subtypes: A, C, and D. These subtypes are associated with varying degrees of transmissibility, pathogenesis, and treatment resistance, and their study can inform targeted prevention strategies. By analyzing viral genetic sequences, phylogenetic trees, and viral load data, the research explores the transmission dynamics of these subtypes, identifying key transmission networks and potential super-spreading events. The study also assesses how viral evolution in response to antiretroviral therapy (ART) affects subtype-specific mutations, treatment resistance, and the overall course of the epidemic. Understanding HIV-1 viral evolution is essential for the development of effective vaccines. This research highlights the need to integrate molecular epidemiology into vaccine design because sub-Saharan Africa is home to a diverse range of HIV-1 strains, which may require the development of vaccines that can target multiple subtypes simultaneously. Current vaccination efforts have been hampered by the complexity of the virus and its rapid evolution, making it imperative to take into account the genetic diversity of HIV-1 when developing new immunological interventions. In addition, the study highlights the importance of addressing structural factors, such as access to health care, stigma, and socio-cultural determinants, that influence the effectiveness of prevention and treatment strategies. Understanding how these factors interact with viral genetics could provide a more comprehensive approach to controlling the epidemic. The results of this study contribute to the global understanding of HIV transmission and evolution, providing insights for more effective and region-specific interventions. In conclusion, the molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 subtypes in sub-Saharan Africa plays an essential role in our understanding of the dynamics of virus transmission, its evolution, and the development of appropriate vaccination strategies. This study highlights the importance of continued investment in molecular research and public health initiatives to combat HIV/AIDS and mitigate its impact on affected populations in sub-Saharan Africa. By deepening our understanding of the genetic diversity of the virus and its transmission networks, we can advance global health goals, such as reducing new HIV infections and the ultimate goal of an HIV-free generation.
Navigating the Golden Hour: A PDSA-Driven Quality Improvement Initiative for Optimizing Ambulance Fleet Efficiency and Driver Logistics
Background: Emergency Medical Services (EMS) face heightened operational strain during public health crises, yet hospital management frameworks frequently overlook micro-level vulnerabilities within the transport vehicle and its operator, such as driver fatigue and unverified equipment readiness. Objectives: This study aimed to systematically evaluate prehospital vulnerabilities, design and deploy a dual-phase Ambulance Operational Checklist targeting four foundational pillars—driver roster automation, fleet efficiency, absolute equipment preparedness, and mandated driver rest—and implement a tailored training program to bridge frontline compliance gaps. Methods: A single-arm, quasi-experimental quality improvement initiative was conducted over a consecutive six-month period at a secondary care hospital in South India. Guided by the iterative Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) framework, the intervention involved an active fleet of four vehicles and its entire workforce of Emergency Medical Technicians (EMTs) and drivers. A mandatory 2-day simulation-based workshop was paired with continuous, objective monthly Quality Assurance (QA) audits. Results: Baseline assessments revealed critical institutional vulnerabilities, with a median technical competence score of 3/10. Following simulation-based training, median competence scores rose sharply to 9/10, representing a 200% increase in proficiency. Monthly QA audits over 6+ months demonstrated excellent longitudinal sustainability: tool compliance exceeded 95%+, dispatch delays dropped from 15–20 minutes to <10 minutes, and operational near-misses decreased by 70%. Roster automation eliminated overextended shifts, ensuring 100% adherence to an 8-hour shift ceiling and a standardized 12-hour inter-shift rest period, resulting in zero reported driver fatigue incidents. Conclusion: Utilizing an iterative PDSA cycle to balance mechanical readiness with human factor optimization effectively transitions reactive transport pools into highly reliable, safety-first clinical logistics systems. Joint simulation-based training builds an institutional culture of Crew Resource Management, sustaining operational vigilance and frontline patient safety without attrition.
Chemical Profiling of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) Seeds and Their Hematological Modulatory Effects in Adult Male Rabbits: A Dose-Response Study
This study investigated the phytochemical and nutritional composition of Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) seeds and evaluated their effects on hematological parameters in male rabbits. The phytochemical analysis revealed appreciable levels of bioactive compounds, including total saponins (6.25 ± 0.42%), diosgenin (1.47 ± 0.08%), total flavonoids (37.84 ± 2.16 mg QE/g), total polyphenols (76.92 ± 4.35 mg GAE/g), and trigonelline (0.31 ± 0.02%). In addition, the seeds exhibited a high crude protein content (27.85 ± 1.12%) with moderate levels of fiber, moisture, and ash. Hematological evaluation showed that fenugreek supplementation significantly improved red blood cell count, hemoglobin concentration, and packed cell volume in treated groups compared with the control group, with dose-dependent variations. Mean corpuscular indices (MCV, MCH, and MCHC) remained relatively stable across all groups. Overall, fenugreek seed supplementation demonstrated a positive influence on hematological status in male rabbits, indicating its potential nutritional and physiological benefits.
The Effectiveness of Oxytocin Massage Using Lavender and Fennel Essential Oils on Breast Milk Production in Postpartum Mothers: A Quasi-Experimental Study
Background: Inadequate breast milk production is the primary barrier to exclusive breastfeeding, contributing to suboptimal infant feeding practices and adverse health outcomes globally. Non-pharmacological interventions addressing both lactation physiology and maternal psychological well-being are urgently needed. Methods: This research used quasi-experimental study which evaluated oxytocin massage using lavender and fennel essential oils on breast milk production in postpartum mothers. Thirty postpartum mothers (0–14 days postpartum) were randomized to intervention (n=15) or control (n=15) groups at a midwifery clinic in South Tangerang, Indonesia (May–July 2025). The intervention group received standardized oxytocin massage with lavender-fennel essential oil for 10 minutes daily over 7 days. Controls received standard postpartum care. Breast milk production was assessed at baseline and post-intervention using validated questionnaire. Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test and Mann-Whitney U test analyzed data (p<0.05). Results: Post-intervention, 93.3% of intervention mothers achieved abundant milk production versus 46.7% of controls achieving adequate production (p=0.001). Within-group analysis showed significant improvement in the intervention group (Z=−3.464, p=0.002). Conclusions: Oxytocin massage with lavender and fennel essential oils is an effective for enhancing breast milk production in postpartum mothers. Its multimodal action on both physiological and psychological dimensions of lactation supports integration into routine postpartum care, particularly in resource-limited settings.
The Efficacy of Comic-Based Educational Media on Knowledge and Attitudes Toward Dysmenorrhea Dysmenorrhea Self-Medication Among Adolescent Girls in Islamic Boarding Schools
Background: Primary dysmenorrhea significantly compromises adolescent girls' quality of life, academic attendance, and daily functions. While self-medication is prevalent, inadequate health literacy poses critical risks. This study evaluates the effectiveness of custom-designed comic-based educational media in improving knowledge and attitudes toward safe primary dysmenorrhea self-medication among adolescent female students (santriwati) in an Islamic boarding school context. Methods: A pre-experimental study with a one-group pretest-posttest design was conducted at Pondok Pesantren Budi Mulya Tigaraksa, Indonesia. Total sampling yielded 73 female students who experience primary dysmenorrhea. The intervention consisted of structured educational sessions utilizing a validated comic book covering menstrual physiology, primary dysmenorrhea pathophysiology, non-pharmacological therapies, and logical over-the-counter drug use. Data were collected via validated questionnaires and analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results: Prior to the intervention, 54.8% (n=40) of respondents possessed a moderate level of knowledge, and 41.1% (n=30) demonstrated poor attitudes. Post-intervention, optimal knowledge levels significantly shifted, with 89.0% (n=65) achieving satisfactory understanding. Similarly, positive attitudes increased substantially, with 37.0% (n=27) demonstrating excellent attitudes. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test confirmed a highly significant increase in both knowledge scores (Z = -7.344, p < 0.001) and attitude scores (Z = -5.911, p < 0.001) post-intervention. Conclusion: Comic-based educational media is an exceptionally viable, culturally aligned, and highly effective vehicle for enhancing pharmacological health literacy and self-care paradigms in closed educational ecosystems like Islamic boarding schools. Integrating narrative-based visual aids into institutional health programs is strongly recommended to foster autonomous, safe self-medication practices. Keywords: ; ; ; ; ; .
Human Resource Practices- A Case Study on Apollo Hospital
Purpose: Among other industries in the world, healthcare industries have made tremendous changes from recent five years. Hospital plays a major role in routine life of the people. Earlier, human beings were not regarded as an asset, but they are now regarded as one of the most valuable assets in any organisation. Nothing can be processed without the aid of Human Resources even technology. After recognising human beings as an asset, the organisation created a policy in the form of a Human Resources Policy that outlines all of the rules and regulations that apply to employees. Finding new approaches used by the human resource department is the main goal of this study. The Apollo Hospital was a potential study site for the author. Methodology: Secondary data provide the foundation of this qualitative study. The study papers that have been published in reputable journals, periodicals, and articles are the source of secondary data. Information about the HR practises is gathered from the company website and journals from google scholar. Findings: According to the survey, Apollo Hospitals utilise a variety of cutting-edge HR practises. Some of their projects, like those for hope and peace, are unusual. The health industry benefits greatly from Apollo’s contributions. The organization's primary goal was to ensure employee satisfaction. Originality: This research will be useful to understand the innovative HR practices followed by the Apollo Hospitals and priories given to the employees in the hospitals. This work tries to look into Apollo's HR procedures using the secondary data that is currently available. This study will assist Apollo management in increasing worker productivity by making them happy. Also, the study will help readers, researchers, and practitioners approach HR methods with professionalism. Paper type: Company Case Study.
Assessment of the Physiological Effects of Aspartame, Stevia, and Omega-3 on Body Weight and Organ Weights of Male Rabbits
Background: The widespread consumption of artificial and natural sweeteners has raised concerns regarding their potential physiological effects, particularly on reproductive and neural health. Omega-3 fatty acids are known for their anti-inflammatory and protective properties. Objective: This study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with aspartame, stevia, and omega-3 fatty acids, alone or in combination, on body weight, testes weight, and brain weight in adult male rabbits. Methods: Thirty male rabbits were randomly divided into six experimental groups (n=5 each): Control, Aspartame, Stevia, Omega-3, Stevia + Omega-3, and Aspartame + Omega-3. Body weights and organ weights (testes and brain) were recorded after the experimental period. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Results: No significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed in final body weights among all groups. However, significant variations were detected in testes weight (F = 3.35, P = 0.019) and brain weight (F = 4.18, P = 0.007). The Omega-3 group exhibited the highest testes (5.430 ± 0.242 g) and brain (5.340 ± 0.361 g) weights. Aspartame-treated rabbits showed the lowest testes weight (3.50 ± 0.30 g), while the Aspartame + Omega-3 combination resulted in the lowest brain weight (3.400 ± 0.245 g). Conclusion: While sweeteners and omega-3 supplementation did not affect overall growth performance, they significantly influenced reproductive and neural organ weights. Omega-3 demonstrated protective effects, whereas aspartame showed potential adverse effects on testicular and brain tissues.
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Genomic Profiling of Primary Vaginal Tumors: Molecular Landscape, Clinical Significance, and Future Directions
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most common histological subtype of primary vaginal cancer, a rare gynaecologic disease that accounts for fewer than 2% of female genital tract cancers. Because it is uncommon, therapeutic approaches are frequently generalised from vulvar and cervical malignancies, which restricts individualised treatment plans. Recent advancements in multi-omics and next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have made it possible to profile the genomes of primary vaginal tumours, revealing their molecular heterogeneity and finding useful mutations. The genomic landscape of primary vaginal tumours is reviewed in this study, with an emphasis on important genetic changes, molecular markers linked to HPV, and clinically significant pathways. To find recurring mutations, copy number variations, and pathway-level disruptions, a methodical research approach was used by analysing recent genomic publications, cancer genome archives, and clinical sequencing reports. To show the frequency of mutations like TP53, PIK3CA, PTEN, CDKN2A, KRAS, and changes in EGFR and TERT, data were collated. Different molecular characteristics, such as viral-driven oncogenesis vs genomic instability and p53 disruption, are revealed by comparing the profiles of HPV-positive and HPV-negative tumours. Prognostic stratification, immunotherapy biomarkers, and targeted therapeutics are all considered in regard to the clinical consequences of genetic profiling.Challenges such as small cohort sizes, tumor heterogeneity, and limited clinical trial evidence remain barriers to translation. Future perspectives emphasize integrated transcriptomics, liquid biopsy monitoring, and AI-driven precision oncology. Genomic profiling offers a transformative approach for improving diagnosis, prognostic prediction, and biomarker-guided therapy in vaginal cancer.
Genomic Profiling and Targeted Agent Response: Advancing Precision Oncology Through Molecular Diagnostics
Precision oncology now relies heavily on genomic profiling, which helps doctors find actionable mutations and customize treatments based on the molecular features of specific tumours [11,12,40]. Targeted therapy is directed by genomic changes such as gene mutations, amplifications, fusions, and pathway dysregulation, in contrast to traditional cancer treatments that depend on tumour location and histology [12,40]. With a focus on current developments in next-generation sequencing (NGS), liquid biopsy technologies, and biomarker-driven treatment selection, this study investigates the function of genomic profiling in predicting targeted agent response across various cancer types [11,12,40]. Targeted medicines, including EGFR inhibitors, ALK inhibitors, HER2-directed drugs, BRAF inhibitors, and PARP inhibitors, are assessed based on clinical trial data and practical results [68,69]. Response rates, progression-free survival, and resistance patterns were compared using tabulated data from a subset of clinical investigations [68,69]. Results show that by permitting accurate drug matching, lowering needless toxicity, and increasing overall survival, genetic profiling greatly improves treatment outcomes [12,40]. Tumour heterogeneity, the advent of resistance mutations, restricted access to genetic testing, and disparities in the acceptance of precision medicine are still obstacles, nevertheless [12,40]. The growing use of artificial intelligence for treatment selection and variation interpretation is also covered in this research [7,11,12,23,24]. Personalized combination treatments, multi-omics integration, and ongoing genomic monitoring for dynamic treatment adaptation are the main future directions [11,12,21–24].
Synergistic Hypolipidemic Effects of Ascorbic Acid and Creatine Supplementation in Male Rabbits: A Biochemical and Statistical Analysis
Background: Dyslipidemia is a critical risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and metabolic syndromes, necessitating the exploration of safe and effective lipid-lowering interventions. Ascorbic acid (vitamin C), a potent antioxidant, has been associated with improved lipid metabolism, while creatine (CrS), known for its role in cellular energy homeostasis, may also influence lipid pathways. The combined impact of these two supplements on lipid profiles, however, remains underexplored in animal models. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the individual and combined effects of ascorbic acid and creatine supplementation on plasma lipid profile markers triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) in male rabbits. Methods: Twenty male rabbits were randomly divided into four groups (n = 5 per group): control, ascorbic acid, creatine (CrS), and ascorbic acid + CrS combination. The animals were treated for a defined experimental period. Blood samples were collected and analyzed for TG, TC, LDL-c, and HDL-c levels. One-way ANOVA was used for statistical analysis to evaluate group differences, with significance set at p < 0.05. Results were expressed as mean ± SE, and Tukey's post hoc test was applied to compare group means. Results: Triglycerides (TG): All treatment groups showed significant reductions in TG levels compared to control (F = 15.06, p = 0.000), with the most significant decrease observed in the ascorbic acid + CrS group (42.60 ± 1.718 mg/dL). Total Cholesterol (TC): A significant reduction in TC was observed in the combination group (77.65 ± 14.534 mg/dL) compared to the control group (109.60 ± 4.216 mg/dL) (F = 11.42, p = 0.000). LDL-c: LDL-c levels were significantly reduced in both the CrS (53.95 ± 2.233 mg/dL) and the combination group (52.72 ± 1.479 mg/dL), compared to the control (F = 15.10, p = 0.000). HDL-c: The highest HDL-c levels were recorded in the ascorbic acid group (49.05 ± 1.439 mg/dL), followed by the combination group (50.63 ± 1.715 mg/dL), both significantly higher than control (F = 3.25, p = 0.024). Conclusion: The combined administration of ascorbic acid and creatine produced the most significant improvements in lipid profiles, suggesting a potential synergistic effect in reducing cardiovascular risk factors. These findings support the therapeutic potential of combined antioxidant and energy-modulating supplementation in lipid regulation, paving the way for future translational research in metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular prevention strategies.
Natural Products in Animal Health: A Narrative Review of Antimicrobial, Anti-Inflammatory, Anticancer, and Anti-Aging Applications
Natural products are increasingly explored as complementary tools for improving animal health, particularly in response to antimicrobial resistance, chronic inflammation, cancer, and age-related decline. This narrative review summarizes their antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and anti-aging applications in experimental and veterinary models. Evidence from in vitro studies, Caenorhabditis elegans, rodents, livestock, poultry, aquaculture species, and companion animals shows that natural products may inhibit microbial growth, modulate inflammation, reduce oxidative stress, suppress cancer-related pathways, and support physiological resilience. However, their clinical translation remains limited by variability in composition, inconsistent dosing, poor bioavailability, and insufficient species-specific studies. Overall, natural products represent promising preventive and therapeutic adjuncts, but their use in animal health requires stronger experimental validation, standardized formulations, and controlled veterinary trials.
Synergistic Antibacterial Activity of Selected Plant Extracts in Combination with Antibiotics: An In Vitro Study
Background: The rising prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains has become a major global health concern, necessitating the exploration of alternative and adjunct antimicrobial strategies. Medicinal plants, particularly Azadirachta indica (neem), are widely recognized for their broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties and potential to enhance the activity of conventional antibiotics. Aim: The present study aimed to evaluate the synergistic antibacterial activity of aqueous extract of Azadirachta indica (neem) in combination with selected antibiotics (ampicillin and ciprofloxacin) against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 under in vitro conditions. Materials and Methods: This in vitro experimental study was conducted in the Microbiology Laboratory of Annor Dental College. Fresh neem leaves, authenticated by a botanist, were collected locally and aqueous extract was prepared using standard procedures. Reference strains of E. coli ATCC 25922 and S. aureus ATCC 25923 were procured from HiMedia Laboratories. Antibacterial activity was assessed using the agar disc diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar. Zones of inhibition were measured for neem extract, antibiotics, and their combinations. All experiments were performed in triplicate. Results: The aqueous neem extract demonstrated moderate antibacterial activity against both test organisms. Ciprofloxacin exhibited higher antibacterial activity compared to ampicillin. However, combinations of neem extract with both antibiotics showed significantly enhanced zones of inhibition compared to individual agents. The most pronounced synergistic effect was observed with neem–ciprofloxacin combination against both E. coli ATCC 25922 and S. aureus ATCC 25923. Conclusion: The study demonstrates that aqueous extract of Azadirachta indica exhibits significant synergistic antibacterial activity when combined with conventional antibiotics. These findings suggest that neem may serve as a potential adjuvant to enhance antibiotic efficacy and may contribute to strategies aimed at combating antibiotic resistance.
Antibiotic Resistance via Horizontal Gene Transfer in Commensal Microbiota of Healthy Individuals with Self-Medication Practices: A Questionnaire-Based and In Vitro Study
Background: Antibiotic resistance is a growing global health concern driven largely by inappropriate antibiotic use. Commensal microbiota of healthy individuals serve as an important reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes, which can be disseminated through horizontal gene transfer (HGT). Self-medication with antibiotics further accelerates this process by exerting selective pressure on microbial populations. Aim: To assess antibiotic resistance mediated by horizontal gene transfer in commensal microbiota of healthy individuals with self-medication practices using a questionnaire-based survey and in vitro analysis. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted over a defined period among healthy individuals attending Nandha Siddha Medical College and Hospital. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on antibiotic self-medication practices, including frequency, indications, and sources of antibiotic use. Biological samples (stool and/or throat swabs) were collected for isolation of commensal bacteria and transported to CML Biotech Ltd, Angamaly, Kerala, for microbiological screening and analysis. Isolates were identified using standard microbiological methods and subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing using the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method as per CLSI guidelines. Selected resistant strains were further analyzed for horizontal gene transfer using in vitro conjugation experiments.. Results: A significant proportion of participants reported self-medication with antibiotics. Commensal bacterial isolates from self-medicated individuals showed a higher prevalence of antibiotic resistance compared to non-users. Multidrug-resistant strains were frequently observed among isolates from the self-medication group. In vitro conjugation studies demonstrated successful transfer of resistance determinants between donor and recipient strains, confirming the role of horizontal gene transfer in resistance dissemination. Statistical analysis showed a significant association between self-medication practices and the presence of resistant isolates (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The study highlights that self-medication with antibiotics contributes significantly to the emergence of antibiotic resistance in commensal microbiota. Horizontal gene transfer plays a crucial role in the dissemination of resistance genes, emphasizing the need for strict antibiotic stewardship and public awareness programs to curb indiscriminate antibiotic use.
Students' Perceptions of Community Health Field Practices I
Introduction: Reflective analysis of the Primary Health Care (PHC) strategy and principles allows for a look back at the past, facilitating the identification of strengths and weaknesses, which is fundamental. Lafit et al. (2025). Objective: To examine students' perceptions of field placements before and after the Community Health I course in Mar del Plata, 2025. Materials and methods: This descriptive, non-experimental, longitudinal study was conducted with students in the Community Health I course of the Medicine program at a private university in Mar del Plata during the 2025 academic year. The sample consisted of 57 students, selected using non-probability convenience sampling. Results: Regarding the expectations students expressed for their pre- and post-course field placements in Community Health I, 95% reported being able to plan and implement health promotion and prevention strategies, 88% reported identifying factors that influence health, and 84% reported learning about the problems in different areas of the city. However, they acknowledged the need for a deeper understanding of how other institutions collaborate with health centers. Conclusions: The study of students' perceptions of the Community Health I course allowed for the identification of strengths and weaknesses in the data obtained through the pre- and post-test questionnaire. A strengthening of students' competencies during their initial training as health promotion and disease prevention agents was evident, although there are aspects that require further development.
Primary Health CarePercepción de estudiantes sobre las prácticas en terreno de Salud Comunitaria I
Self-Medication Practices with Antibiotics Among the General Population: A Questionnaire-Based Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Antibiotics are essential in the treatment of bacterial infections; however, their misuse, particularly through self-medication, poses a significant global public health challenge. Inappropriate use contributes to antimicrobial resistance (AMR), treatment failure, and increased healthcare burden. Young adults are especially prone to self-medication due to convenience and lack of awareness. Aim: To assess self-medication practices with antibiotics among individuals aged 18–35 years and evaluate their knowledge, attitudes, and practices using a questionnaire-based approach. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted over three months among 500 participants aged 18–35 years selected through convenience sampling. A structured and pre-validated questionnaire assessed demographics, knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to antibiotic use. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests, with a p-value <0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: Self-medication with antibiotics was reported by 75.6% of participants. A large proportion (87.2%) lacked awareness about appropriate antibiotic use and AMR. Misconceptions were common, with 62% believing antibiotics are effective against viral infections. Common sources of antibiotics included pharmacies without prescription (58.2%) and leftover medications (29.1%). Convenience (47.6%) and prior experience (31.7%) were major reasons for self-medication. A significant association was found between education level and self-medication practices (p < 0.001), whereas gender showed no significant association. Conclusion: The study reveals a high prevalence of antibiotic self-medication among young adults, coupled with poor knowledge and inappropriate practices. There is an urgent need for public education, stricter enforcement of prescription regulations, and awareness programs to promote rational antibiotic use and combat antimicrobial resistance.