World Journal of Applied Medical Sciences
type: channel
description: World Journal of Applied Medical Sciences, ISSN: 3049-0200 (Online) is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal dedicated to the dissemination of academic and scientific research in the medical sciences. Published monthly by WASR Publication in India, the journal provides a platform for researchers and scholars to publish high-quality articles. All content is available online and published in English, making it accessible to a global audience.
publisher: WASR Publication
language: en
publication name: World Journal of Applied Medical Sciences
issn: 3049-0200
items: Phytochemical Composition and Acute Toxicity of Aqueous Stem Bark Extract of Adenium obesum in African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus)
items: Traditional Siddha Medicine and Emerging Microbial Infections A Review
items: Immunomodulatory Effects of Siddha Herbs in Infectious Diseases
items: Gut Microbial Modulation Through Siddha Herbal Medicines
items: Ethnomicrobiological Importance of Siddha Medicine in Modern Healthcare
items: "Comparative Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Efficacy of Moringa oleifera and Ziziphus spina-christi (Sidr) Extracts against Gram-Positive, Gram-Negative Bacteria, and Fungi: An In Vitro Study"
items: Revitalizing Siddha Antimicrobial Knowledge for Modern Medical Applications
items: Evidence-Based Siddha Antimicrobial Research (Kunmakudori Mezhugu) for Translational Medicine
items: Interdisciplinary Perspectives in Siddha Microbiology and Infectious Disease Research
items: Ethnomicrobiology in Siddha Medicine Bridging Indigenous Knowledge and Modern Science
items: Modern Microbiological Validation of the Antiviral Potential of Siddha Formulation Santha Santhrothaiya Tablet Against Hepatitis B Virus: A Review
items: Innovative Use of Dermal Substitute for Salvage of Exposed Lower Leg Implant
items: Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B Virus Markers among Pregnant Women at the Cité-verte District Hospital in Yaoundé Cameroon
items: Analyzing the Strategic Role of Religious Leadership in Shaping and Facilitating Sustainable Peace Processes: A case study of Liberia
items: Exploring the Role of Ecclesiastical Institutions in Augmenting Antiretroviral Drug Distribution: A Critical Examination of Faith-Based Health Interventions
items: Transformative Policy Innovations for Mitigating HIV Drug Resistance: Integrating Genomic Insights and Global Health Strategies
items: Evaluating Advanced Stochastic Modeling for Estimating the Long-Term Demographic Impact of HIV: Methodologies and Policy Implications
items: Assessing a Mathematical Model of HIV Transmission Dynamics: A Case Study on Commercial Sex Workers and Injection Drug Users in Lusaka
items: Analyzing how early marriage affects access to education, particularly for young girls, and proposing solutions to mitigate this issue
items: HIV and Poverty: A Synergistic Challenge to Achieving Global Health Equity – Advanced Strategies for Integrated Solutions
items: Evaluating the Efficacy of Legal and Policy Frameworks in Mitigating HIV-Related Stigma: A Comparative Global Analysis of Legal Protections and Their Impact on Health Outcomes
items: Advanced Behavioral Interventions for HIV Prevention: Analyzing the Impact on Risk Reduction and the Transformation of Community Norms
items: Bridging Policy and Practice: A Critical Analysis of Zambian Government-Private Sector Collaborations in Achieving HIV Eradication by 2030
items: Exploring the Formulation and Molecular Mechanisms of Antiretroviral Drugs: A Comparative Analysis of Protease Inhibitors, NRTIs, and Emerging Therapies in HIV Treatment
items: Assessing Student Empowerment and Public Health Outcomes through HIV Awareness Corners in Higher Education: A Multidisciplinary and Policy-Oriented Inquiry
items: Bibliometric Analysis of HIV/AIDS Research among University Students: Trends, Gaps, and Implications for Policy and Interventions
items: Evaluating the Effectiveness of Case Management Interventions in HIV Care: Impact on Treatment Adherence, Disclosure, and Patient Outcomes
items: Molecular Epidemiology of HIV-1 Subtypes: Exploring Transmission Dynamics, Viral Evolution, and Implications for Targeted Vaccine Development in Sub-Saharan Africa
items: Navigating the Golden Hour: A PDSA-Driven Quality Improvement Initiative for Optimizing Ambulance Fleet Efficiency and Driver Logistics
items: Chemical Profiling of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) Seeds and Their Hematological Modulatory Effects in Adult Male Rabbits: A Dose-Response Study

Phytochemical Composition and Acute Toxicity of Aqueous Stem Bark Extract of Adenium obesum in African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus)
type: item
description: The continued use of botanical piscicides for artisanal fishing has generated increasing concern regarding their potential impacts on non-target aquatic organisms. Adenium obesum (Forssk.) Roem. & Schult. is a well-known indigenous piscicidal plant in many parts of Africa due to its rich phytochemical composition. However, scientific information linking its phytochemical constituents with its acute toxicity in economically important freshwater fish remains limited. This study investigated the phytochemical composition and acute toxicity of the aqueous stem bark extract of A. obesum in juvenile of Clarias gariepinus. Fresh stem bark of A. obesum was collected, processed, and extracted using distilled water. Qualitative phytochemical screening was conducted using standard analytical methods to identify the major secondary metabolites present in the extract. Acute toxicity was evaluated using a 96-hour static bioassay in which juvenile C. gariepinus were exposed to six concentrations (0.0, 6.5, 8.0, 9.5, 11.0, and 12.5 mg/L) of the aqueous stem bark extract of A. obesum. Behavioural responses and mortality were recorded throughout the exposure period, and the 96-hour median lethal concentration (LC₅₀) was estimated by probit analysis. Proximate analysis showed that the stem bark contained predominantly nitrogen-free extract (54.62%), followed by crude fibre (21.34%), crude protein (9.10%), ash (7.75%), moisture (5.65%), and crude lipid (1.54%). Qualitative phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, steroids, flavonoids, terpenes, and tannins, indicating that the extract is rich in biologically active secondary metabolites. Fish exposed to the extract exhibited concentration-dependent behavioural alterations, including erratic swimming, increased opercular movement, excessive mucus secretion, loss of equilibrium, air gulping, reduced swimming activity, and respiratory distress. Mortality increased progressively with increasing extract concentr…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Adenium obesum
  topic: keywords
subject: phytochemical screening
  topic: keywords
subject: African CatFish
  topic: keywords
subject: Acute toxicity
  topic: keywords
subject: Behavioural responses
  topic: keywords
creator: Shehu Abubakar Kafi*
creator: Sulaiman Yusuf
creator: Bala Sambo Audu
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-08-01
publication date: 2026-08-01
starting page: 1
ending page: 7

Traditional Siddha Medicine and Emerging Microbial Infections A Review
type: item
description: Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) and infection-induced renal stone disease represent a significant clinical burden worldwide, particularly due to rising antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Proteus mirabilis is a key uropathogen implicated in struvite stone formation through urease-mediated urinary alkalinization and biofilm development, leading to recurrent infection and obstructive uropathy. Objective: This review aims to evaluate the role of traditional Siddha medicine in the management of Proteus-associated urinary tract infections and renal stone disease, with special emphasis on single herbal drugs, polyherbal formulations, and the herbo-mineral preparation Nandukkal Paspam, and to assess their antimicrobial and anti-lithogenic potential based on available scientific evidence. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted using databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, Google Scholar, and AYUSH Research Portal for studies published between 2000 and 2025. Relevant classical Siddha texts, experimental studies, in vitro and in vivo research, phytochemical analyses, and molecular docking studies were included. Data were extracted and analyzed focusing on antimicrobial activity, anti-urease effects, anti-biofilm activity, and anti-urolithiatic potential. Results: Evidence indicates that Siddha single herbal drugs such as Phyllanthus emblica, Tribulus terrestris, and Aerva lanata exhibit antimicrobial, diuretic, and anti-urolithiatic properties. Polyherbal formulations including Kabasura Kudineer and Nilavembu Kudineer demonstrate broad-spectrum antimicrobial and immunomodulatory effects. The herbo-mineral formulation Nandukkal Paspam shows potential litholytic and antimicrobial activity, particularly against urease-producing organisms such as Proteus spp., with possible inhibition of biofilm formation and crystal aggregation. Conclusion: Siddha medicinal interventions, particularly Nandukkal Paspam along with …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Siddha medicine
  topic: keywords
subject: Proteus mirabilis
  topic: keywords
subject: renal stones
  topic: keywords
subject: urinary tract infection
  topic: keywords
subject: Nandukkal Paspam
  topic: keywords
subject: anti-urolithiatic
  topic: keywords
subject: antimicrobial resistance
  topic: keywords
subject: biofilm inhibition.
  topic: keywords
creator: Deepika P
creator: Swathi.D
creator: Dhivyadharshini M*
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-07-16
publication date: 2026-07-16
starting page: 24
ending page: 29

Immunomodulatory Effects of Siddha Herbs in Infectious Diseases
type: item
description: Background: Infectious diseases remain a significant global health concern, particularly with the emergence of antimicrobial resistance and recurrent outbreaks of viral and bacterial infections. Strengthening host immune responses has become an important strategy in preventing and managing infectious diseases. The Siddha system of medicine, one of the oldest traditional medical systems practiced in South India, utilizes numerous medicinal herbs known for their immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. These herbs have traditionally been employed to enhance disease resistance and promote overall health. Objective: To review the immunomodulatory effects of Siddha medicinal herbs and evaluate their potential role in the prevention and management of infectious diseases. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted using electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and the AYUSH Research Portal. Relevant studies published between 2000 and 2025 were screened. Classical Siddha literature and government publications were also consulted. Studies reporting immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, antioxidant, and infection-related therapeutic activities of Siddha medicinal plants were included and critically analyzed. Results: The review identified several Siddha herbs with significant immunomodulatory potential, including Tinospora cordifolia (Seenthil), Andrographis paniculata (Nilavembu), Withania somnifera (Amukkara), Phyllanthus emblica (Nellikai), Ocimum tenuiflorum (Tulsi), and Piper longum (Thippili). These medicinal plants were found to enhance innate and adaptive immune responses through mechanisms such as macrophage activation, cytokine modulation, lymphocyte proliferation, natural killer cell stimulation, and antioxidant activity. In addition, many of these herbs exhibited direct antimicrobial and antiviral properties, supporting their traditional use in infectiou…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Siddha medicine
  topic: keywords
subject: Immunomodulation
  topic: keywords
subject: Infectious diseases
  topic: keywords
subject: Medicinal herbs
  topic: keywords
subject: Nilavembu
  topic: keywords
subject: Seenthil
  topic: keywords
subject: Amukkara
  topic: keywords
subject: Immune response
  topic: keywords
subject: Antimicrobial activity
  topic: keywords
subject: Traditional medicine
  topic: keywords
creator: Sathish Kumar K.
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-07-16
publication date: 2026-07-16
starting page: 18
ending page: 23

Gut Microbial Modulation Through Siddha Herbal Medicines
type: item
description: Background: The human gut microbiota plays a crucial role in maintaining gastrointestinal health, immune function, metabolic regulation, and overall physiological homeostasis. Alterations in the composition and diversity of gut microbial communities, commonly known as dysbiosis, have been associated with a wide range of chronic diseases including inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disorders, and neurodegenerative conditions. Siddha medicine, one of the oldest traditional systems of medicine practiced in South India, utilizes numerous medicinal plants and herbal formulations that possess antimicrobial, prebiotic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties. Recent scientific investigations suggest that these herbal medicines may influence gut microbial composition and function, thereby contributing to health promotion and disease prevention. Objective: This review aims to evaluate the role of Siddha herbal medicines in modulating gut microbiota and to examine their potential applications in maintaining gastrointestinal and systemic health. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted using scientific databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and AYUSH research resources. Relevant studies published between 2000 and 2025 focusing on Siddha medicinal plants, gut microbiota, phytochemicals, microbial modulation, and microbiome-associated health outcomes were systematically analyzed. Information regarding medicinal plants, bioactive compounds, mechanisms of action, and therapeutic applications was extracted and synthesized. Results: The reviewed literature revealed that several Siddha medicinal plants, including Phyllanthus emblica, Terminalia chebula, Terminalia bellirica, Curcuma longa, Ocimum tenuiflorum, Tinospora cordifolia, and Azadirachta indica, possess significant microbiome-modulating properties. These plants contain bioactive phytochemicals such as polyp…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Siddha Medicine
  topic: keywords
subject: Gut Microbiota
  topic: keywords
subject: Gut Microbiome
  topic: keywords
subject: Microbial Modulation
  topic: keywords
subject: Medicinal Plants
  topic: keywords
subject: Prebiotics; Phytochemicals
  topic: keywords
subject: Intestinal Health
  topic: keywords
subject: Dysbiosis
  topic: keywords
subject: Immunomodulation
  topic: keywords
subject: Integrative Medicine.
  topic: keywords
creator: Nafila N.
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-07-13
publication date: 2026-07-13
starting page: 12
ending page: 17

Ethnomicrobiological Importance of Siddha Medicine in Modern Healthcare
type: item
description: Background: Siddha medicine, one of the oldest traditional medical systems originating in South India, has been widely utilized for the prevention and treatment of various infectious and non-infectious diseases. The ethnomicrobiological aspects of Siddha medicine have gained increasing scientific attention due to the presence of antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties in its medicinal plants and formulations. The growing global challenge of antimicrobial resistance has further emphasized the need to explore traditional healthcare systems as potential sources of novel therapeutic agents. Objective: This review aims to evaluate the ethnomicrobiological importance of Siddha medicine in modern healthcare by examining the antimicrobial activities of Siddha medicinal plants, phytochemical constituents, traditional formulations, and their relevance in contemporary disease management. Methods: A comprehensive review of published literature was conducted using scientific databases and relevant scholarly sources. Studies investigating the antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, immunomodulatory, and microbiological properties of Siddha medicinal plants and formulations were critically analyzed. Information regarding bioactive phytochemicals, mechanisms of antimicrobial action, and potential healthcare applications was compiled and synthesized. Results: The reviewed evidence demonstrated that Siddha medicinal plants such as Azadirachta indica, Ocimum tenuiflorum, Curcuma longa, and Phyllanthus emblica exhibit significant antimicrobial activity against a wide range of pathogenic microorganisms including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus species. Phytochemical constituents including alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenolic compounds, terpenoids, and saponins were identified as major contributors to these biological activities through mechanisms involving di…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Siddha Medicine
  topic: keywords
subject: Ethnomicrobiology
  topic: keywords
subject: Antimicrobial Activity
  topic: keywords
subject: Medicinal Plants
  topic: keywords
subject: Phytochemicals
  topic: keywords
creator: Thirusaran M*
creator: Vinantika M. S.
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-07-11
publication date: 2026-07-11
starting page: 6
ending page: 11

"Comparative Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Efficacy of Moringa oleifera and Ziziphus spina-christi (Sidr) Extracts against Gram-Positive, Gram-Negative Bacteria, and Fungi: An In Vitro Study"
type: item
description: The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance has intensified the search for effective natural antimicrobial agents. This study aimed to compare the antimicrobial activity of Moringa oleifera and Ziziphus spina-christi (Sidr) leaf extracts against selected Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis), Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), and fungi (Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger). Antimicrobial activity was evaluated using the agar well diffusion assay, while minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) were determined using standard microdilution methods. Statistical analysis was performed using two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's HSD test. Both plant extracts exhibited broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against all tested microorganisms; however, Z. spina-christi consistently demonstrated significantly greater efficacy than M. oleifera. Sidr produced larger inhibition zones, ranging from 10.2 ± 1.3 to 18.5 ± 1.2 mm, compared with 8.3 ± 0.9 to 14.2 ± 0.8 mm for Moringa. The strongest activity was observed against S. aureus (18.5 ± 1.2 mm) and C. albicans (17.4 ± 1.0 mm), whereas P. aeruginosa showed the lowest susceptibility. MIC values for Sidr ranged from 12.5 to 50.0 mg/mL, whereas Moringa required 25.0–100.0 mg/mL. Similarly, Sidr exhibited lower MBC/MFC values (25.0–100.0 mg/mL) than Moringa (50.0–200.0 mg/mL). The MBC/MIC ratio was 2.0 for both extracts against all microorganisms, indicating bactericidal and fungicidal activity. Two-way ANOVA revealed highly significant effects of plant type (F = 142.200, p < 0.001) and microbial category (F = 40.800, p < 0.001), whereas their interaction was not significant (p = 0.382). Tukey's HSD test confirmed the superior antimicrobial efficacy of Sidr over Moringa, with a mean increase in inhibition zone of 4.38 mm (p < 0.001), while Gram-positive bacteria were signifi…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Ziziphus spina-christi
  topic: keywords
subject: Moringa oleifera
  topic: keywords
subject: antimicrobial activity
  topic: keywords
subject: medicinal plants
  topic: keywords
subject: Gram-positive bacteria
  topic: keywords
subject: antifungal activity
  topic: keywords
creator: Fayrouz. A. Khaled*
creator: El Zahraa Saad Ali alhadad
creator: Aisha Ayad Ali
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-26
publication date: 2026-06-26
starting page: 26
ending page: 31

Revitalizing Siddha Antimicrobial Knowledge for Modern Medical Applications
type: item
description: Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as a major global health threat, leading to reduced effectiveness of existing antibiotics and increased burden of infectious diseases worldwide. The rapid rise of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens and the lack of new antimicrobial agents have intensified the need for alternative therapeutic strategies. Traditional Siddha medicine, one of the oldest indigenous systems of medicine from South India, contains a rich repository of herbal, mineral, and herbo-mineral formulations with historical use in infectious diseases. Classical preparations such as Linga Chendooram, Vishnu Chakara Mathirai, and Adathodai Manapagu are increasingly being explored for their antimicrobial potential. Objective: To systematically review the antimicrobial potential of selected Siddha formulations and evaluate available scientific evidence supporting their activity against pathogenic and multidrug-resistant microorganisms, with emphasis on their relevance to modern antimicrobial drug discovery and integrative medicine. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted using databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, SpringerLink, and AYUSH Research Portal covering studies published from 2000 to 2025. Classical Siddha texts, in vitro and in vivo studies, phytochemical analyses, molecular docking studies, and relevant review articles were included. Data related to antimicrobial activity, phytoconstituents, mechanisms of action, and clinical relevance were extracted and analyzed. Results: Available evidence indicates that Linga Chendooram, Vishnu Chakara Mathirai, and Adathodai Manapagu exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including multidrug-resistant strains such as MRSA and ESBL-producing organisms. Reported mechanisms include disruption of microbial cell membranes, inhibition of biofilm formation, suppression of quorum sensing, ant…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Siddha medicine
  topic: keywords
subject: antimicrobial resistance
  topic: keywords
subject: Linga Chendooram
  topic: keywords
subject: Vishnu Chakara Mathirai
  topic: keywords
subject: Adathodai Manapagu
  topic: keywords
subject: multidrug-resistant bacteria
  topic: keywords
subject: biofilm inhibition
  topic: keywords
subject: integrative medicine.
  topic: keywords
creator: Dakshinya K. P
creator: Devaki V*
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-06-27
publication date: 2025-06-27
starting page: 35
ending page: 41

Evidence-Based Siddha Antimicrobial Research (Kunmakudori Mezhugu) for Translational Medicine
type: item
description: Background: Helicobacter pylori infection is one of the most common chronic bacterial infections worldwide and is strongly associated with chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma, and gastric cancer. The increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant H. pylori strains has reduced the effectiveness of conventional eradication therapies, necessitating the exploration of alternative and complementary antimicrobial strategies. Siddha medicine, a traditional medical system practiced in South India, offers a rich repository of herbal and herbo-mineral formulations for the management of gastrointestinal disorders. Among these, Kunmakudori Mezhugu has traditionally been used for conditions resembling chronic gastritis, gastric ulceration, and digestive disturbances, making it a potential candidate for antimicrobial drug research and translational medicine applications. Objective: To review the available evidence regarding the antimicrobial potential of Kunmakudori Mezhugu and its constituent ingredients against Helicobacter pylori, and to evaluate its relevance in translational medicine and antimicrobial drug development. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted using electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, SpringerLink, MEDLINE, and the AYUSH Research Portal. Classical Siddha texts, pharmacological studies, microbiological investigations, phytochemical analyses, molecular docking studies, and translational medicine reports published between 2000 and 2025 were systematically reviewed. Information related to phytochemical composition, antimicrobial activity, anti-H. pylori effects, urease inhibition, anti-biofilm properties, antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory effects, and gastroprotective mechanisms was extracted and synthesized. Results: The reviewed evidence demonstrated that the medicinal ingredients associated with Kunmakudori Mezhugu contai…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Siddha medicine
  topic: keywords
subject: Kunmakudori Mezhugu
  topic: keywords
subject: Helicobacter pylori
  topic: keywords
subject: Antimicrobial activity
  topic: keywords
subject: Translational medicine
  topic: keywords
subject: Gastroprotection
  topic: keywords
subject: Urease inhibition
  topic: keywords
subject: Phytochemicals
  topic: keywords
subject: Drug discovery
  topic: keywords
subject: Peptic ulcer disease.
  topic: keywords
creator: Sana Sowmya Devi S
creator: Uma Devi P*
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-04-24
publication date: 2025-04-24
starting page: 33
ending page: 39

Interdisciplinary Perspectives in Siddha Microbiology and Infectious Disease Research
type: item
description: Background: Infectious diseases continue to represent a significant global health burden despite advances in microbiology, antimicrobial therapy, and public health interventions. The emergence of multidrug-resistant microorganisms, newly emerging pathogens, and recurrent infectious disease outbreaks has intensified the need for innovative and multidisciplinary approaches to disease prevention and management. Siddha medicine, one of the oldest traditional systems of medicine practiced in South India, possesses extensive knowledge related to infectious diseases, antimicrobial therapies, immune regulation, and preventive healthcare. Increasing scientific interest has led to the investigation of Siddha medicinal plants and formulations using modern microbiological, immunological, pharmacological, and molecular research methodologies, creating opportunities for interdisciplinary collaboration. Objective: To review the interdisciplinary contributions of Siddha medicine to microbiology and infectious disease research, evaluate the scientific evidence supporting Siddha-based antimicrobial and immunomodulatory interventions, and explore their relevance in contemporary biomedical sciences. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted using electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, SpringerLink, MEDLINE, and the AYUSH Research Portal. Publications from 2000 to 2025 were screened and analyzed. Classical Siddha texts, microbiological studies, immunological investigations, phytochemical analyses, molecular docking studies, clinical research, and review articles related to Siddha medicine and infectious diseases were included. Information regarding medicinal plants, traditional formulations, antimicrobial mechanisms, immunological effects, and interdisciplinary research applications was systematically extracted and synthesized. Results: The review identified substantial evidence supporting the antimicrobial, antiviral…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Siddha medicine
  topic: keywords
subject: Microbiology
  topic: keywords
subject: Infectious diseases
  topic: keywords
subject: Antimicrobial activity
  topic: keywords
subject: Immunomodulation
  topic: keywords
subject: Traditional medicine
  topic: keywords
subject: Drug discovery
  topic: keywords
subject: Antimicrobial resistance
  topic: keywords
subject: Integrative healthcare
  topic: keywords
subject: Medicinal plants
  topic: keywords
creator: Abirami L
creator: Gomatheeswari G*
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-04-18
publication date: 2025-04-18
starting page: 26
ending page: 32

Ethnomicrobiology in Siddha Medicine Bridging Indigenous Knowledge and Modern Science
type: item
description: Background: Ethnomicrobiology is an emerging interdisciplinary field that integrates indigenous medical knowledge with modern microbiological science to identify potential antimicrobial agents from traditional medicinal systems. Siddha medicine, one of the oldest systems of South India, extensively utilizes single herbal formulations (Oru Thavaram) and rare ethnobotanical plants for the management of infectious diseases. In the era of rising antimicrobial resistance, such traditional knowledge systems are gaining renewed scientific importance. Objective: To explore the ethnomicrobiological relevance of Siddha medicine by evaluating selected single herbal medicinal plants and rare ethnobotanical species for their antimicrobial potential and their role in bridging indigenous knowledge with modern science. Materials and Methods: A narrative evidence-based review was conducted using scientific databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, MEDLINE, SpringerLink, and AYUSH Research Portal. Classical Siddha literature and ethnobotanical sources were also reviewed. Studies published between 2000 and 2025 reporting antimicrobial, antiviral, antifungal, or immunomodulatory activities of selected Siddha medicinal plants were included. Data on phytochemical composition, antimicrobial spectrum, and mechanisms of action were systematically extracted and synthesized. Results: The review identified significant antimicrobial potential among commonly used Siddha single herbal plants such as Azadirachta indica, Ocimum tenuiflorum, Aloe vera, Phyllanthus emblica, and Tinospora cordifolia. Additionally, rare ethnobotanical plants including Salacia reticulata, Gymnema sylvestre, Aegle marmelos, Syzygium cumini, and Rauvolfia serpentina demonstrated promising antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities. These plants contain diverse phytochemicals such as flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids, and glycosides that act through multiple mechanisms i…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Ethnomicrobiology
  topic: keywords
subject: Siddha medicine
  topic: keywords
subject: Oru Thavaram
  topic: keywords
subject: antimicrobial plants
  topic: keywords
subject: medicinal herbs
  topic: keywords
subject: phytochemicals
  topic: keywords
subject: drug discovery
  topic: keywords
subject: traditional knowledge
  topic: keywords
subject: antimicrobial resistance
  topic: keywords
subject: natural products
  topic: keywords
creator: Rindia N
creator: Libica B. A*
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-12-01
publication date: 2024-12-01
starting page: 1
ending page: 6

Modern Microbiological Validation of the Antiviral Potential of Siddha Formulation Santha Santhrothaiya Tablet Against Hepatitis B Virus: A Review
type: item
description: Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a major global health concern, contributing significantly to chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Despite effective vaccines and antiviral agents, complete viral eradication remains challenging due to viral persistence, drug resistance, and limited therapeutic options. This has increased interest in alternative and complementary therapies derived from traditional medical systems. Objective: This review aims to evaluate the antiviral potential of the Siddha formulation Santha Santhrothaiya Tablet against HBV through modern microbiological validation approaches and to explore its relevance in contemporary antiviral drug discovery. Materials and Methods: An evidence-based narrative review was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and AYUSH Research Portal. Classical Siddha texts and official pharmacopeias were also reviewed. Studies published between 2000 and 2025 related to antiviral activity, hepatoprotective effects, phytochemical analysis, molecular docking, and microbiological validation of Siddha-relevant herbs were included. Data were extracted and synthesized qualitatively. Results: The review identified that Siddha formulation Santha Santhrothaiya Tablet contains bioactive phytochemicals with reported antiviral, immunomodulatory, and hepatoprotective properties. Key constituents such as flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids, and polyphenols demonstrated potential to inhibit HBV replication, suppress viral enzymes, and modulate host immune responses. In silico studies indicated strong binding affinity of plant-derived compounds to HBV polymerase and related viral targets. Additionally, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects contribute to hepatocyte protection. However, direct experimental validation of the complete formulation against HBV remains limited. Conclusion: Siddha-based formulation Santha Santhrothaiya T…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Hepatitis B virus
  topic: keywords
subject: Siddha medicine
  topic: keywords
subject: Santha Santhrothaiya tablet
  topic: keywords
subject: antiviral activity
  topic: keywords
subject: herbal medicine
  topic: keywords
subject: phytochemicals
  topic: keywords
subject: molecular docking
  topic: keywords
subject: hepatoprotection
  topic: keywords
subject: traditional medicine.
  topic: keywords
creator: Harish V*
creator: Iyeswarya A
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-12-01
publication date: 2025-12-01
starting page: 1
ending page: 5

Innovative Use of Dermal Substitute for Salvage of Exposed Lower Leg Implant
type: item
description: Management of exposed orthopedic implants in patients with diabetes and peripheral atherosclerotic disease is particularly challenging due to compromised vascularity, increased risk of infection, and limited reconstructive options. Flap coverage is considered the gold standard for such defects; however, in certain high-risk patients, flap reconstruction may not be feasible. Dermal substitutes have emerged as a promising alternative in selected cases, offering a less invasive option for achieving soft tissue coverage and limb salvage. Here is a case of old age female patient with exposed implant in lower leg covered with dermal substitute.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Lower leg exposed implant
  topic: keywords
subject: Dermal Substitute
  topic: keywords
subject: Flap coverage not possible
  topic: keywords
subject: Advanced plastic surgery
  topic: keywords
subject: Diabetes mellitus plus atherosclerotic limb
  topic: keywords
subject: Negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT)
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Hardik Jitendrabhai Dodia*
creator: Dr. Pranay Gujjar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-07-10
publication date: 2026-07-10
starting page: 1
ending page: 5

Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B Virus Markers among Pregnant Women at the Cité-verte District Hospital in Yaoundé Cameroon
type: item
description: Background: Chronic Hepatitis B virus (HBV) remains a critical global health threat, with sub-Saharan Africa facing a disproportionate burden of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT). In Cameroon, localized data on the full spectrum of HBV serological markers is essential to refine prevention strategies. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of five HBV markers and identify factors influencing neonatal health security. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from March to November 2025 at the Cite-verte District Hospital in Yaoundé. Convenience sampling was used to recruit 214 pregnant women. HBV markers (HBsAg, HBeAg, anti-HBs, anti-HBc, anti-HBe) were screened using rapid diagnostic tests and confirmed via ELISA. Data were analyzed using Fisher's exact test and Odds Ratios (OR) with a significance level of p < 0.05. Results: HBsAg seroprevalence was 16.4%, with 51.4% of these cases being HBeAg-positive, indicating high infectivity. All HBsAg and HBeAg positive cases were concentrated in the second trimester (p < 0.001). Primiparous women were significantly more likely to be HBsAg-positive (74.3%; p = 0.004). Blood transfusion was identified as a massive risk factor for transmissibility (OR = 41.56; 95% CI [12.69–136.12]; p < 0.001). No co-infections with HCV or HDV were detected. Conclusion: The high endemicity (16.4%) and significant HBeAg positivity pose a severe silent threat for vertical transmission in Yaoundé. These findings advocate for mandatory second-trimester screening and the integration of antiviral prophylaxis for high-risk mothers to ensure neonatal health security.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: HBsAg
  topic: keywords
subject: HBeAg
  topic: keywords
subject: anti-HBs
  topic: keywords
subject: anti-HBc
  topic: keywords
subject: anti-HBe
  topic: keywords
subject: Yaounde
  topic: keywords
creator: Louise Stéphanie Makemgue*
creator: Donatien Serge Mbaga
creator: Jean De Matha Ndengué
creator: Justin Olivier Essindi
creator: André Urbain Njiki- Bikoï
creator: Jacky Njiki- Bikoï
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-15
publication date: 2026-06-15
starting page: 19
ending page: 25

Analyzing the Strategic Role of Religious Leadership in Shaping and Facilitating Sustainable Peace Processes: A case study of Liberia
type: item
description: This study provides an in-depth analysis of the strategic role of religious leaders in shaping and facilitating sustainable peace processes, using Liberia as a case study to explore the dynamics of faith-based interventions in conflict resolution. Liberia’s experience during and after its protracted civil wars (1989-1997 and 1999-2003) highlights the transformative potential of religious leaders as essential actors in mediating peace and promoting reconciliation. Building on the collective efforts of Christian and Muslim leaders through the Interfaith Council of Liberia (IRCL), the research highlights how these leaders have exercised their moral authority, cultural resonance, and interfaith cooperation to mediate dialogue between warring factions, safeguard ceasefires, and promote inclusiveness. framework for sustainable peace. The study uses a qualitative case study methodology, historical narrative synthesis, semi-structured interviews with key actors, and policy analysis to elucidate the mechanisms and strategies used by religious leaders in Liberia. Central themes explored include their ability to mobilize grassroots groups, address deep-rooted sociocultural grievances, and serve as neutral mediators in a context of extreme polarization and distrust. The findings also reveal how their advocacy has expanded beyond political negotiations to include humanitarian support, community reconstruction, and moral reorientation aimed at fostering forgiveness and coexistence. In addition, the research critically examines the challenges facing religious leaders, such as managing political interference, resource constraints, and balancing interfaith unity and doctrinal differences. Despite these challenges, the study shows that their continued engagement and strategic interventions laid the foundation for immediate conflict mitigation and long-term peacebuilding. Interfaith cooperation in the IRCL has not only bridged religious divisions, but has also set a precedent for incl…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Religious leadership
  topic: keywords
subject: Peace building
  topic: keywords
subject: Sustainability and Conflict resolution.
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Joshua HK. Banda*
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-09-26
publication date: 2025-09-26
starting page: 28
ending page: 34

Exploring the Role of Ecclesiastical Institutions in Augmenting Antiretroviral Drug Distribution: A Critical Examination of Faith-Based Health Interventions
type: item
description: The distribution of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs is essential to combat the HIV/AIDS epidemic, as it has a direct impact on disease management, prevention, and the overall quality of life of people living with HIV. While government and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have been at the forefront of ARV distribution, church-based institutions have increasingly demonstrated their potential as essential partners in health service delivery, particularly in resource-limited communities. This study explores the multifaceted role of faith-based organizations (FBOs) in ARV drug distribution through an in-depth examination of faith-based health interventions. Using qualitative and quantitative research methodologies, the study examines how churches leverage their extensive local networks, high levels of trust among local populations, and their spiritual authority to address key challenges of ARV distribution. These include reducing stigma and discrimination related to HIV/AIDS, improving access to healthcare in remote or marginalized areas, and filling gaps in health infrastructure and human resources. The study also identifies innovative models of care used by faith-based organizations, such as mobile clinics, community health programs, and the integration of spiritual counseling with medical care, which contribute to a more holistic approach to treating HIV. Despite these contributions, the study highlights some ongoing challenges. These include limited financial and logistical resources, inconsistencies in the quality of care, reliance on external funding, and lack of systematic integration into national health strategies. In addition, theological and cultural perspectives within faith-based settings sometimes inadvertently perpetuate stigma, necessitating strategic interventions to connect religious doctrines with public health goals. The findings highlight the need for structured partnerships between church-based institutions, government health systems, and internatio…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Faith-Based Organizations (FBOs)
  topic: keywords
subject: Antiretroviral Drug Distribution
  topic: keywords
subject: HIV/AIDS Care and Treatment
  topic: keywords
subject: Community Health Interventions.
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Joshua HK. Banda*
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-03-25
publication date: 2025-03-25
starting page: 21
ending page: 28

Transformative Policy Innovations for Mitigating HIV Drug Resistance: Integrating Genomic Insights and Global Health Strategies
type: item
description: HIV drug resistance is a major obstacle in the global fight against the HIV/AIDS epidemic. The rise of resistant viral strains threatens the effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy (ART). This situation increases treatment costs and negatively affects patient outcomes. This paper looks at new policy ideas to reduce HIV drug resistance by combining genomic insights with global health strategies. Improvements in genomic tracking and molecular epidemiology have made it possible to detect resistance-related mutations early. This offers valuable chances for personalized treatment plans and evidence-based public health actions. The study discusses how genomic data can shape treatment guidelines, improve surveillance systems, and aid focused prevention efforts. It also stresses the need for international cooperation, fair access to diagnostic tools, ongoing healthcare funding, and skill development in low-resource areas. By connecting scientific advancements with policy change, this paper suggests a clear plan for lowering HIV drug resistance and enhancing long-term treatment results. The findings show that merging genomic technologies with national and global HIV initiatives is crucial for controlling the epidemic sustainably and meeting global health targets.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: HIV Drug Resistance
  topic: keywords
subject: Genomic Surveillance
  topic: keywords
subject: Global Health Policy
  topic: keywords
subject: Molecular Epidemiology.
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Joshua HK. Banda*
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-02-26
publication date: 2025-02-26
starting page: 33
ending page: 39

Evaluating Advanced Stochastic Modeling for Estimating the Long-Term Demographic Impact of HIV: Methodologies and Policy Implications
type: item
description: The long-term demographic impact of HIV remains a major public health issue, as the epidemic continues to shape the health, economic, and social landscapes of many parts of the world. This study systematically evaluates a range of advanced stochastic modeling techniques for estimating the demographic consequences of HIV, highlighting their applicability, accuracy and relevance to inform policy decisions. Given the complexity of the HIV epidemic, characterized by uncertainty, non-linear relationships, and the impact of different and evolving intervention strategies, sophisticated models are essential to generate reliable projections. We explore a range of stochastic methods, including Monte Carlo simulations, Markov chains, and agent-based models, each of which offers unique strengths in capturing the stochastic nature of disease progression, transmission dynamics, and effects at the population level. The article also examines how these models can be used to predict key demographic outcomes such as life expectancy, population growth, fertility rates, mortality and morbidity trends in affected regions. out of proportion by HIV. Through comparative analysis, we assess the accuracy of these models in predicting the trajectory of the epidemic over several decades, taking into account factors such as the availability of antiretroviral therapy (ART), prevention efforts, and the evolution of high-risk behaviors. One of the central themes of the study is the role of population projections in the development of public health strategies. By linking the results of stochastic models to policy needs, we examine how these projections can inform decisions related to health care planning, resource allocation, and intervention prioritization. In particular, the article highlights the importance of integrating demographic knowledge into public health frameworks, ensuring that interventions are not only responsive to immediate needs, but also sustainable in the face of future uncertain…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: HIV Demographic Impact
  topic: keywords
subject: Stochastic Modeling
  topic: keywords
subject: Population Projections
  topic: keywords
subject: Public Health Policy
  topic: keywords
subject: Epidemiological Forecasting.
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Joshua HK. Banda*
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-02-19
publication date: 2025-02-19
starting page: 21
ending page: 32

Assessing a Mathematical Model of HIV Transmission Dynamics: A Case Study on Commercial Sex Workers and Injection Drug Users in Lusaka
type: item
description: The global HIV epidemic continues to pose significant public health challenges, particularly in urban areas where high-risk populations are concentrated. In many settings, interactions between sex workers and people who inject drugs contribute substantially to the dynamics of HIV transmission. This study develops and evaluates a mathematical model that aims to understand the complex interaction of these interactions in the context of Lusaka, Zambia. Using demographic, behavioral and epidemiological data, the study uses a compartmental modeling approach to simulate transmission pathways and analyze the impact of targeted intervention strategies. Key factors that support HIV transmission are examined, including behavioral patterns such as inconsistent condom use among sex workers, the frequency of needle-sharing practices among drug users for injection, and the overlap between these populations. The model incorporates heterogeneity in population dynamics and identifies the most influential parameters through sensitivity analysis. This approach allows us to explore the robustness of the model and its response to changes in intervention scenarios. Numerical simulations are conducted to assess the potential effects of various public health interventions, including harm reduction programs for IDUs, widespread condom distribution, and expanded access to antiretroviral treatment (ART). The results show that a combination of interventions can significantly reduce HIV transmission rates among these high-risk groups. For example, scaling up harm reduction programs for IDUs, combined with continued promotion of condom use among sex workers, results in a marked decrease in new infections. The study also highlights the importance of ART as an essential tool not only for treatment, but also for reducing viral load and subsequent transmission risks. This research highlights the utility of mathematical modeling to capture the subtleties of HIV transmission dynamics, particularly in …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: HIV Transmission Dynamics
  topic: keywords
subject: Mathematical Modeling
  topic: keywords
subject: Commercial Sex Workers
  topic: keywords
subject: Injection Drug Users (IDUs)
  topic: keywords
subject: Public Health Interventions.
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Joshua HK. Banda*
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-06-26
publication date: 2025-06-26
starting page: 23
ending page: 34

Analyzing how early marriage affects access to education, particularly for young girls, and proposing solutions to mitigate this issue
type: item
description: Early marriage remains a widespread problem that prevents girls from accessing education, particularly in developing regions where cultural, economic and social factors combine to perpetuate the practice. Deep-rooted cultural norms, poverty and systemic gender inequality often prioritize early marriage roles over girls’ education and personal development. This dynamic leads to high dropout rates, thereby limiting girls’ opportunities for academic success, personal growth and economic independence. The effects of early marriage extend beyond the individual, leading to broader societal implications, including the perpetuation of poverty, reduced labour force participation and persistent gender inequality. This article explores the multifaceted impact of early marriage on education, highlighting issues such as interrupted learning trajectories, limited career aspirations and erosion of self-confidence. The analysis also takes into account intergenerational effects, as young, uneducated mothers are less likely to prioritize their children’s education or facilitate their schooling, thus perpetuating a cycle of limited opportunities. It also examines the intersection between early marriage and health, as early pregnancies often jeopardize the well-being of both mother and child, while also hindering academic progress. To address this pressing issue, the study proposes a comprehensive approach, including enforcing strict child marriage laws, implementing culturally sensitive community outreach programs, and providing economic incentives to families to encourage school retention. Structural reforms are essential to create safe, inclusive, and accessible learning environments for girls, as well as targeted interventions to overcome the economic and social barriers they face. Collaborative efforts involving governments, civil society organizations, faith-based institutions, and local communities are essential to ensure that policies and programs are relevant and effective in …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Early Marriage
  topic: keywords
subject: Educational Barriers
  topic: keywords
subject: Gender Equality
  topic: keywords
subject: Reproductive Health
  topic: keywords
subject: Empowerment Programs.
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Joshua HK. Banda*
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-04-17
publication date: 2025-04-17
starting page: 16
ending page: 25

HIV and Poverty: A Synergistic Challenge to Achieving Global Health Equity – Advanced Strategies for Integrated Solutions
type: item
description: The intersection of HIV and poverty represents a multifaceted and synergistic challenge that continues to undermine efforts to achieve global health equity. Poverty is a significant factor in vulnerability to HIV, limiting access to vital resources such as education, health care, and prevention programs. It creates environments in which individuals, particularly in marginalized and underserved communities, are at greater risk of exposure due to insufficient knowledge, limited access to protective measures, and limited health services. Conversely, HIV exacerbates poverty by placing heavy socio-economic burdens on affected individuals and families. The disease reduces labor force participation, drains family resources through high medical costs, and perpetuates stigma and discrimination, further exacerbating economic disadvantage. Together, these dynamics create a vicious circle that prevents sustainable development and perpetuates global inequality. This research provides an in-depth exploration of the complex and bidirectional relationship between HIV and poverty, highlighting the urgent need for integrated multi-sectoral interventions. It uses a comprehensive approach that includes qualitative and quantitative methodologies, case studies in highly affected regions, and advanced theoretical frameworks to analyze how these two phenomena are reinforced. Particular attention is paid to the systemic inequalities that support this double burden, including gender inequalities, lack of access to education and inadequate social safety nets. The study also highlights the transformative potential of innovative solutions that address these two challenges simultaneously. These include economic empowerment initiatives such as microfinance and income generation programs, expanding social protection systems to cushion economic shocks, and strategically integrating health care and HIV prevention services into the poverty reduction framework. In addition, community-based approaches …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: HIV Poverty
  topic: keywords
subject: Global Health Equity
  topic: keywords
subject: Integrated Solutions.
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Joshua HK. Banda*
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-02-06
publication date: 2025-02-06
starting page: 11
ending page: 20

Evaluating the Efficacy of Legal and Policy Frameworks in Mitigating HIV-Related Stigma: A Comparative Global Analysis of Legal Protections and Their Impact on Health Outcomes
type: item
description: HIV-related stigma remains one of the most persistent challenges to effective HIV prevention, treatment, and care worldwide. It profoundly impacts the health and well-being of individuals living with HIV by fostering discrimination, social exclusion, and psychological distress, which in turn affect their willingness to seek care and adhere to treatment regimens. Despite significant advancements in medical treatments, stigma continues to hinder efforts to control the spread of HIV, especially in resource-constrained settings where fear of disclosure often results in delayed diagnosis and inadequate care. Legal and policy frameworks play a critical role in addressing this challenge, offering protections against discrimination and promoting an inclusive healthcare environment that encourages individuals to seek the services they need without fear of judgment or reprisal. This study evaluates the effectiveness of legal and policy interventions aimed at reducing HIV-related stigma across diverse global contexts. Through a comparative analysis, the research examines how different countries and regions have implemented laws, regulations, and institutional strategies to protect the rights of people living with HIV, focusing on the protection of privacy, nondiscrimination in healthcare access, and the broader social and cultural challenges that contribute to stigma. By exploring specific legislative measures, such as antidiscrimination laws, mandatory HIV education in healthcare settings, and policies aimed at reducing HIV-related stigma in the workplace and other social spaces, this research aims to identify which interventions have been most successful in promoting positive health outcomes for individuals living with HIV. The study further investigates the broader impact of these legal frameworks on public health, including improvements in treatment adherence, engagement with prevention services, and overall health outcomes for HIV-positive individuals. It also explores th…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: HIV-related stigma
  topic: keywords
subject: Legal frameworks
  topic: keywords
subject: Health outcomes
  topic: keywords
subject: Global comparison.
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Joshua HK. Banda*
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-01-25
publication date: 2025-01-25
starting page: 23
ending page: 33

Advanced Behavioral Interventions for HIV Prevention: Analyzing the Impact on Risk Reduction and the Transformation of Community Norms
type: item
description: The global HIV epidemic continues to be one of the most persistent and complex public health challenges, particularly in regions with high transmission rates, such as sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and Eastern and Central Europe. Although significant progress has been made in the biomedical field, with the development and widespread use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), these measures alone are not sufficient to completely stop HIV transmission. Therefore, behavioral interventions remain an essential element in the fight against HIV/AIDS. These interventions address the underlying risk factors associated with HIV transmission, providing a holistic approach to prevention that complements biomedical strategies. This study aims to explore advanced behavioral interventions designed to reduce the risk of HIV transmission, focusing specifically on modifying high-risk behaviors and changing social and cultural norms related to HIV prevention. The study evaluates the effectiveness of these behavioral strategies, which include the promotion of safer sexual practices such as consistent condom use, regular HIV testing, and adherence to antiretroviral treatment regimens. Focusing on behavioral change, this study highlights the potential of these interventions to empower individuals and communities to take control of their health, reducing the risk of transmission. A key aspect of the study is to examine community-level interventions aimed at changing social norms, reducing HIV-related stigma and encouraging more people to seek prevention and treatment services. These interventions often face significant challenges due to prevailing cultural and social attitudes, which can constitute significant obstacles to effective HIV prevention. The study evaluates the role of programs that are based on peer education, health communication campaigns, and community mobilization efforts in changing these norms, providing an insight into how these approaches…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: HIV Prevention
  topic: keywords
subject: Behavioral Interventions
  topic: keywords
subject: Risk Reduction
  topic: keywords
subject: Community Norms Transformation.
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Joshua HK. Banda*
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-10-28
publication date: 2025-10-28
starting page: 24
ending page: 34

Bridging Policy and Practice: A Critical Analysis of Zambian Government-Private Sector Collaborations in Achieving HIV Eradication by 2030
type: item
description: The global ambition to eradicate HIV/AIDS by 2030 requires comprehensive and collaborative efforts, particularly in high-burden countries like Zambia. As part of its response, the Zambian government has increasingly relied on the private sector to supplement its efforts to combat the epidemic. This study critically examines the interaction between policy and practice in these partnerships, focusing on how these partnerships contribute to achieving universal access to HIV prevention, treatment and care. Using a multidisciplinary approach, the research analyses existing policy frameworks, implementation mechanisms, and outcomes of government-private sector engagements in addressing the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Data were drawn from policy documents, stakeholder interviews, and case studies of successful and challenged partnerships. The findings show that while government-private sector partnerships have contributed to expanding access to HIV services (testing campaigns, resource mobilization, and innovation in service delivery), they are constrained by systemic issues. These include regulatory gaps, inconsistent funding models, limited data-sharing mechanisms, and socio-cultural stigma that hinders service uptake. The study highlights best practices, such as leveraging corporate social responsibility initiatives, integrating private sector resources into public health programs, and fostering innovation through technological and pharmaceutical advances. However, it also identifies critical barriers, such as policy inadequacies, inequities in resource allocation, and lack of stakeholder coordination, that limit the scalability and sustainability of these interventions. To overcome these challenges, research requires an adaptive and comprehensive regulatory framework that harmonizes the roles of government and private entities while fostering community engagement. Such a framework should prioritize transparency, equity, and efficiency to maximize the impact of partnerships. In …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: HIV/AIDS Eradication
  topic: keywords
subject: Public–Private Partnerships
  topic: keywords
subject: Health Policy Implementation
  topic: keywords
subject: HIV Prevention and Treatment.
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Joshua HK. Banda*
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-09-22
publication date: 2025-09-22
starting page: 19
ending page: 27

Exploring the Formulation and Molecular Mechanisms of Antiretroviral Drugs: A Comparative Analysis of Protease Inhibitors, NRTIs, and Emerging Therapies in HIV Treatment
type: item
description: This study comprehensively examines the complex formulation and molecular mechanisms of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs, with an emphasis on the evolution of HIV therapeutic strategies. It first traces the path from the development of protease inhibitors (PIs), which played a key role in the early treatment of HIV, to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), which have become a mainstay of modern HIV treatment. The study also highlights the shift to newer and more innovative treatments that promise to improve outcomes for people living with HIV. The research presents an in-depth comparative analysis of the major classes of ARVs, exploring the chemical structures, molecular targets, and mechanisms of action that underlie their antiviral activity. It evaluates the pharmacokinetic profiles of these drugs, their efficacy in suppressing viral loads, and their ability to delay disease progression. In addition, the study evaluates the clinical performance of these ARVs, taking into account factors such as patient adherence, side effects and long-term outcomes. A significant portion of the study is dedicated to understanding the molecular interactions between ARVs and the HIV virus. It identifies critical challenges such as the emergence of drug-resistant strains of HIV, which complicate treatment regimens, and examines the mechanisms by which HIV mutates to evade the effects of antiretroviral therapy. The research also examines the side effects associated with ARVs, including toxicity and their impact on organ systems, and discusses challenges associated with drug formulation, such as bioavailability, stability and pill burden. In addition, the study examines the advent of next-generation HIV treatments. New treatment options include integrase inhibitors, which block the viral enzyme responsible for integrating HIV DNA into host cells, and long-acting injectable ARVs, which promise to reduce pill counts and improve patient compliance. Combination therapies, which co…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Antiretroviral Drugs
  topic: keywords
subject: Molecular Mechanisms
  topic: keywords
subject: Protease Inhibitors (PIs)
  topic: keywords
subject: Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs)
  topic: keywords
subject: Emerging Therapies.
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Joshua HK. Banda*
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-06-22
publication date: 2025-06-22
starting page: 12
ending page: 22

Assessing Student Empowerment and Public Health Outcomes through HIV Awareness Corners in Higher Education: A Multidisciplinary and Policy-Oriented Inquiry
type: item
description: This research critically examines the role of HIV awareness spaces in higher education institutions as a strategic mechanism to foster student empowerment and promote favorable public health outcomes. Recognizing the central role that educational institutions play in shaping social health behaviors, this study uses a multidisciplinary framework that includes education, public health, and policy analysis to assess the effectiveness of health awareness initiatives. The investigation examines how these designated awareness spaces, often characterized by posters, brochures, multimedia presentations and interactive discussions, serve as platforms to improve students' understanding of HIV transmission, prevention, care and the reduction of stigma. At the heart of this research, this research seeks to determine if HIV awareness areas can effectively empower students by providing them with the knowledge, skills and attitudes needed to make informed decisions about their sexual health. In addition, the study examines the adverse effects of these initiatives to improve broader public health outcomes, including reducing HIV transmission rates, promoting regular testing and acceptance of people living with HIV. The study also explores the intersection between campus health education and national and regional public health campaigns, assessing how higher education institutions can serve as catalysts for broader social change. Using a mixed-methods research design, the study gathers qualitative and quantitative data from a variety of sources, including student-administered surveys, in-depth focus group discussions, and a critical examination of institutional and government health policies. These methodologies provide insights into students’ levels of awareness, attitudes, and behaviors before and after exposure to campus-based HIV awareness campaigns. The study also examines the sustainability and scalability of HIV awareness spaces, considering resource allocation, institutional…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: HIV Awareness Corners
  topic: keywords
subject: Student Empowerment
  topic: keywords
subject: Public Health Outcomes
  topic: keywords
subject: Higher Education Institutions
  topic: keywords
subject: HIV Prevention and Education
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Joshua HK. Banda*
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-04-03
publication date: 2025-04-03
starting page: 7
ending page: 15

Bibliometric Analysis of HIV/AIDS Research among University Students: Trends, Gaps, and Implications for Policy and Interventions
type: item
description: This study presents a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of HIV/AIDS research among college students to uncover emerging trends, critical research gaps, and implications for policy and intervention design. College students represent a unique demographic that is highly susceptible to HIV/AIDS-related risk behaviors and critical for shaping future social norms for health. Using data from peer-reviewed articles published between 2000 and 2025, the analysis systematically examines publication trends, geographic distribution, thematic focus, and collaboration patterns in the field. The study categorizes existing research into key thematic areas, including prevalence studies, behavioral risk factors, prevention strategies, psychosocial impacts of stigma, mental health considerations, and the role of digital technologies in health issues. The results reveal a steady increase in research volume over the past two decades, with significant contributions from Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and North America. Research findings in sub-Saharan Africa are particularly driven by the disproportionate burden of HIV/AIDS in the region. Despite this growth, the analysis identifies critical gaps, such as the underrepresentation of male university students, LGBTQ+ populations, and research examining the interaction between HIV/AIDS and digital behaviors, such as social media use and online health care research practices. In addition, the study highlights the lack of interdisciplinary and multi-institutional collaborations, which limits the reach of innovative solutions that address the broader social determinants of health, including socioeconomic inequalities and cultural stigma. The findings highlight the urgency of policies tailored to the specific vulnerabilities and behaviors of university students. For example, integrating HIV/AIDS education into campus health programs and adopting digital platforms for prevention campaigns can increase awareness and engagement. The study also advocate…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: HIV/AIDS Research
  topic: keywords
subject: University Students
  topic: keywords
subject: Bibliometric Analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: HIV Prevention Strategies
  topic: keywords
subject: Public Health Policy.
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Joshua HK. Banda*
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-03-23
publication date: 2025-03-23
starting page: 12
ending page: 20

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Case Management Interventions in HIV Care: Impact on Treatment Adherence, Disclosure, and Patient Outcomes
type: item
description: HIV care is not limited to antiretroviral therapy (ART), but also includes addressing the complex psychosocial needs of people living with the virus. This comprehensive approach is often facilitated by case management interventions, which provide coordinated support for patients throughout their HIV care journey. These interventions are increasingly recognized for their potential to improve ART adherence, promote HIV status disclosure, and ultimately improve the quality of life and health outcomes of people living with HIV. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of HIV case management programs, with a focus on their impact on treatment adherence, the social dynamics of disclosure, and broader patient outcomes, such as mental health and overall well-being. A mixed methods research design was adopted to provide a holistic view of the effects of case management on patients. The quantitative component involved the analysis of antiretroviral treatment adherence rates among patients enrolled in case management programs in three health centers in sub-Saharan Africa. These centers were selected based on their established case management services and the high prevalence of HIV in the area. Adherence to antiretroviral therapy was monitored using a combination of electronic medication adherence monitoring tools and self-reported adherence questionnaires. The qualitative component of the study involved conducting in-depth interviews with patients and health care providers. These interviews explored patients' experiences of HIV case management interventions, focusing on their ability to manage HIV-related stigma, decision-making processes related to HIV disclosure their HIV status to family and peers, and the emotional and social support provided by case managers. Healthcare providers were also surveyed to gain insight into perceived challenges and successes in implementing case management strategies. The results show that case management interventions have…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: HIV Case Management
  topic: keywords
subject: Antiretroviral Therapy Adherence
  topic: keywords
subject: HIV Status Disclosure
  topic: keywords
subject: Patient Outcomes
  topic: keywords
subject: Psychosocial Support.
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Joshua HK. Banda*
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-02-06
publication date: 2025-02-06
starting page: 4
ending page: 10

Molecular Epidemiology of HIV-1 Subtypes: Exploring Transmission Dynamics, Viral Evolution, and Implications for Targeted Vaccine Development in Sub-Saharan Africa
type: item
description: HIV-1 continues to be a major global health problem, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, where the epidemic remains most severe. Despite advances in treatment and prevention strategies, the persistence and spread of the virus in this region is influenced by a number of complex factors, including HIV-1 genetic diversity, human behavior, and socioeconomic conditions. One of the main areas of interest in understanding HIV-1 transmission in sub-Saharan Africa is the role of different viral subtypes, each of which has distinct characteristics that influence transmission dynamics and disease progression. Molecular epidemiology provides the tools needed to unravel the genetic makeup of HIV-1 subtypes and track their transmission patterns, providing valuable insights into how the virus spreads within communities, among populations, and across geographic regions. This study aims to examine the molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 subtypes circulating in sub-Saharan Africa, focusing on three predominant subtypes: A, C, and D. These subtypes are associated with varying degrees of transmissibility, pathogenesis, and treatment resistance, and their study can inform targeted prevention strategies. By analyzing viral genetic sequences, phylogenetic trees, and viral load data, the research explores the transmission dynamics of these subtypes, identifying key transmission networks and potential super-spreading events. The study also assesses how viral evolution in response to antiretroviral therapy (ART) affects subtype-specific mutations, treatment resistance, and the overall course of the epidemic. Understanding HIV-1 viral evolution is essential for the development of effective vaccines. This research highlights the need to integrate molecular epidemiology into vaccine design because sub-Saharan Africa is home to a diverse range of HIV-1 strains, which may require the development of vaccines that can target multiple subtypes simultaneously. Current vaccination efforts have been hamper…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: HIV-1 Subtypes
  topic: keywords
subject: Molecular Epidemiology
  topic: keywords
subject: Transmission Dynamics
  topic: keywords
subject: Viral Evolution
  topic: keywords
subject: Vaccine Development
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Joshua HK. Banda*
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-01-16
publication date: 2025-01-16
starting page: 13
ending page: 22

Navigating the Golden Hour: A PDSA-Driven Quality Improvement Initiative for Optimizing Ambulance Fleet Efficiency and Driver Logistics
type: item
description: Background: Emergency Medical Services (EMS) face heightened operational strain during public health crises, yet hospital management frameworks frequently overlook micro-level vulnerabilities within the transport vehicle and its operator, such as driver fatigue and unverified equipment readiness. Objectives: This study aimed to systematically evaluate prehospital vulnerabilities, design and deploy a dual-phase Ambulance Operational Checklist targeting four foundational pillars—driver roster automation, fleet efficiency, absolute equipment preparedness, and mandated driver rest—and implement a tailored training program to bridge frontline compliance gaps. Methods: A single-arm, quasi-experimental quality improvement initiative was conducted over a consecutive six-month period at a secondary care hospital in South India. Guided by the iterative Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) framework, the intervention involved an active fleet of four vehicles and its entire workforce of Emergency Medical Technicians (EMTs) and drivers. A mandatory 2-day simulation-based workshop was paired with continuous, objective monthly Quality Assurance (QA) audits. Results: Baseline assessments revealed critical institutional vulnerabilities, with a median technical competence score of 3/10. Following simulation-based training, median competence scores rose sharply to 9/10, representing a 200% increase in proficiency. Monthly QA audits over 6+ months demonstrated excellent longitudinal sustainability: tool compliance exceeded 95%+, dispatch delays dropped from 15–20 minutes to <10 minutes, and operational near-misses decreased by 70%. Roster automation eliminated overextended shifts, ensuring 100% adherence to an 8-hour shift ceiling and a standardized 12-hour inter-shift rest period, resulting in zero reported driver fatigue incidents. Conclusion: Utilizing an iterative PDSA cycle to balance mechanical readiness with human factor optimization effectively transitions reactive transport pools into hig…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Ambulance Operations
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subject: Continuous Quality Improvement
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subject: Crew Resource Management
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subject: Driver Fatigue
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subject: Emergency Medical Services
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subject: Patient Safety
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subject: Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA)
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subject: Simulation-Based Training.
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creator: Dr. N. Murugesan
creator: Dr. Venkatram Murugesan
creator: Dr. D. Rakesh Khanna
creator: Dr. Annamalai Peiryanan
creator: Sumathy Masanam Kasi*
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-10
publication date: 2026-06-10
starting page: 12
ending page: 18

Chemical Profiling of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) Seeds and Their Hematological Modulatory Effects in Adult Male Rabbits: A Dose-Response Study
type: item
description: This study investigated the phytochemical and nutritional composition of Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) seeds and evaluated their effects on hematological parameters in male rabbits. The phytochemical analysis revealed appreciable levels of bioactive compounds, including total saponins (6.25 ± 0.42%), diosgenin (1.47 ± 0.08%), total flavonoids (37.84 ± 2.16 mg QE/g), total polyphenols (76.92 ± 4.35 mg GAE/g), and trigonelline (0.31 ± 0.02%). In addition, the seeds exhibited a high crude protein content (27.85 ± 1.12%) with moderate levels of fiber, moisture, and ash. Hematological evaluation showed that fenugreek supplementation significantly improved red blood cell count, hemoglobin concentration, and packed cell volume in treated groups compared with the control group, with dose-dependent variations. Mean corpuscular indices (MCV, MCH, and MCHC) remained relatively stable across all groups. Overall, fenugreek seed supplementation demonstrated a positive influence on hematological status in male rabbits, indicating its potential nutritional and physiological benefits.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Fenugreek
  topic: keywords
subject: Trigonella foenum-graecum
  topic: keywords
subject: phytochemicals
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subject: hematology
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subject: rabbits
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creator: Siham Hamad M Alsagheer
creator: Fayrouz. A. Khaled*
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-04
publication date: 2026-06-04
starting page: 8
ending page: 11