World Journal of Economics, Business and Management
World Journal of Economics, Business, and Management, ISSN: 3049-2181 (Online) is a premier, peer-reviewed, open-access journal that was founded in 2024 by WASR Publication. The journal aims to serve as a leading platform for researchers, academicians, and practitioners in the fields of economics, business, and management to disseminate high-quality, original research. WJEBM is committed to promoting the exchange of ideas and knowledge, fostering academic and professional excellence, and contributing to the advancement of these disciplines.
Effect of Sustainable Marketing Strategy on Customer Retention in Nigerian Banking Industry
Customer retention has become a critical challenge in the Nigerian banking industry, where heightened competition, technological advancements, and evolving customer expectations demand innovative approaches. This study investigates the effect of sustainable marketing strategies on customer retention in the Nigerian banking industry. The study examines specifically the effect of sustainable product, pricing, people, physical environment, distribution, process, and promotion on customer retention. The research employed a survey design with a sample of 396 respondents drawn from 43,944 employees and customers of 14 listed Deposit Money Banks in Nigeria. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and multiple regression. Findings revealed that sustainable product, pricing, people, physical environment, process, and promotion strategies significantly and positively influence customer retention, while sustainable distribution showed no significant effect. The results underscore the importance of aligning banking services with environmental, social, and ethical values to build trust, loyalty, and long-term relationships. The study concludes that sustainable marketing practices are essential drivers of customer retention in Nigeria’s banking sector and recommends that banks strengthen environmentally friendly products, fair pricing, customer-centric processes, and promotional activities to enhance loyalty and competitiveness.
Distribution Channel Management and Sales Volume of Listed Pharmaceutical Companies in Nigeria
This study explores the effect of distribution channel management on the sales volume of listed pharmaceutical companies in Nigeria. The study specifically examines the effect of distribution channel management dimensions (channel design, channel selection, channel coordination, and channel management technologies) on sales volume. The study employed ex-post facto and cross-sectional survey research designs. Using a census survey of 707 marketing staff across six publicly listed pharmaceutical firms, data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and multiple regression. Results revealed that distribution channel management accounts for 60.5% of the variation in sales volume. It showed that channel design, selection, coordination, and management technologies each had significant positive effects on sales volume, with technologies exerting the strongest influence. The study concludes that effective distribution channel management is a critical driver of sales growth in Nigeria’s pharmaceutical industry and recommends that firms should strengthen their distribution structures, adopt advanced technologies, and foster collaboration among channel partners to increase sales volume.
Human Resource Management and Organizational Effectiveness in Changing Times
Human resource management provides the creative ingredients for organizational effectiveness because people design and produce the goods and services and allocate financial resources. People in organizations set the overall strategies and objectives for organizations without which they cannot achieve their objectives. The importance of human resource management and people in organizations is a fundamental result of the Hawthorne studies in terms of motivation and respect for labour in the workplace. This can be emphasized because effectiveness is often inter-woven with job satisfaction which is a positive emotional reaction to a person’s job experiences. This also develops into organizational commitment that reflects a strong belief in an organization’s goals and values, a willingness to exert considerable effort on behalf of the organization. The era of accountability for human resource management has arisen from concerns about effectiveness and productivity in organizations. This is imperative because the human being plays a major role in ensuring that an organization will survive and prosper through measures of efficiency and effectiveness. These measures of efficiency and effectiveness revolves around equity and perceptions of justice in the tradition of humane bureaucracy to boost motivation and organizational effectiveness. The qualitative exploratory research design was adopted for this study and the result showed significant positive relationship between human resource management and organizational effectiveness. The study was never exhaustive, further study should therefore, examine the relationship between human resource management and profitability in Nigeria organizations. This study recommends that human beings in any organization should be treated with equity and respect for optimal performance and organizational effectiveness. JEL: M10, M12.
Era of accountability for human resource management
Transformational Leadership and Organizational Adaptability: Integrated Human Resource Management Model
The qualitative exploratory research design was employed to examine the relationship between transformational leadership behavior and organizational adaptability. Transformational leadership is characterized by main elements such as idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation and individualized consideration that promote psychological empowerment and organizational citizenship behavior. These behaviors are linked to organizational strength and flexibility necessary to drive organizational change, transformation and adaptability. Organizational adaptability is almost always about creating wealth in the organization and this also rests squarely on transformational leadership as the big ladder towards the achievement of sustainable competitive advantage. For example, organizational adaptability also results to organizational congruence. This would suggest that the organization has human resource management practices where there is a higher coincidence of interest among organizational leadership, shareholders and organizational people that enhance the capacity of the organization to become adaptive to changes in its operating environment. The result of this investigation conducted in Nigeria showed a significant positive correlation between transformation leadership and organizational adaptability. The study was not however, exhaustive due to lack of research funding and current relevant literature. Further study could examine the relationship between followership and organizational performance as a step in improving performance in Nigerian organizations. The study recommends that organizations should focus on training leaders who can demonstrate the capacity for empowering others to carry out the responsibility of organizational change, innovation and adaptability. JEL: M10, M12.
Economic Consequences of the Russia–Ukraine Crisis for India
War, a word that brings humanity to its knees and condemns every humanitarian law, enacted by any great organisation with a diverse range of viewpoints in order to promote harmony among people, to the death bed by violating each law that stood in the way of the ultimate goal of victory in the war. The on- going crisis in Ukraine will have ramifications not only for the countries involved in the conflict but also for the rest of the world, with Asian countries bearing the brunt of the consequences. Every war in this modern world is accompanied by certain sanctions, and Russia has been subjected to these sanctions. However, it is unclear whether these sanctions have had a significant impact on Russia or whether they are simply a step to reduce the heat that has been generated in the political environment. On February 24, 2022, Russian President Vladimir Putin declared war against the United States at a time that corresponded to Indian Standard Time (IST). This resulted in widespread tensions throughout the world, with all of the world's most important authorities taken by surprise by the news. Because of this, various stock market indices have fallen precipitously, with the Russian index plummeting by nearly 50%. As the day came to a close, major European Union countries announced their intention to impose sanctions on Russia, which would have a devastating effect on the Russian economy. Following that, the United States imposed a number of mild sanctions in the hope that Russia would refrain from invading Ukraine. With no success, the United States began to tighten the sanctions. Russia is the world's third-largest supplier of crude oil, and nearly one-third of the world's total energy supply comes from Russia, which is routed through Ukraine. Aside from that, Russia is responsible for nearly 90 per cent of the world's total neon gas supplies, which are used in the manufacturing of semiconductor chips. The international market for major metals supplies is also dominated by Russian monopolies in a variety of sectors, as well as a large share of the domestic market. As a result, tightening such sanctions will cause disruptions in the global supply.
ENTREPRENEURIAL ORIENTATION AND ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE OF AIRLINES IN NIGERIA
The Nigerian aviation industry faces persistent challenges in achieving optimal organisational performance, highlighting the need for strategic drivers such as entrepreneurial orientation (EO) and effective leadership in a highly regulated environment. This study examined the effects of EO - measured through risk-taking, proactiveness, and innovativeness - on the organizational performance of domestic airlines in Nigeria, assessed via financial and non-financial indicators. The mediating role of leadership style and the moderating effect of the regulatory environment were also investigated. A cross-sectional survey design was adopted, targeting 198 representatives across eleven domestic airline operators. Data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with SmartPLS. The results revealed that risk-taking, proactiveness, and innovativeness significantly improved financial performance, while non-financial outcomes also benefited, though with varying effect sizes across EO dimensions. Leadership style significantly mediated the EO–performance relationship, and the regulatory environment significantly moderated this link, confirming the stability of the estimates and supporting the mediation and moderation hypotheses. These findings underscore the critical roles of entrepreneurial behaviours, leadership, and regulatory frameworks in enhancing profitability, operational efficiency, service quality, and customer satisfaction in the Nigerian aviation sector. The study recommended implementing structured risk-assessment frameworks to optimize risk-taking, adopting proactive strategies through market intelligence and customer engagement, investing in innovative and eco-friendly technologies, and developing an effective leadership style to channel EO into measurable outcomes. Furthermore, regulatory reforms, including streamlined licensing procedures and tax incentives, can strengthen the moderating effect of the regulatory environment, enabling airlines to convert entrepreneurial capabilities into improved organizational performance.
TALENT MANAGEMENT AND BUSINESS INNOVATIVENESS OF INDIGENOUS OIL AND GAS COMPANIES IN SOUTH-SOUTH NIGERIA
This study examined the relationship between talent management and business innovation in indigenous oil and gas companies in South-South Nigeria. The objective was to investigate how talent acquisition, talent development, and reward management influenced service innovation, process innovation, and marketing innovation, with organizational adhocracy culture serving as a moderating variable. The research adopted a positivist paradigm and utilized a cross-sectional survey design. Data were collected from 117 Management Staff using structured questionnaires. Descriptive statistics were analyzed using Statistical software for data Analysis (SPSS) Version 25, while the ten hypotheses were tested using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) via SmartPLS Version 4.1.1.1. Findings revealed that talent acquisition significantly enhanced marketing innovation but had no meaningful influence on service or process innovation. Talent development positively influenced both marketing and process innovation, with particularly strong effects on process improvement, but had no significant effect on service innovation. Reward management showed a positive effect on service innovation but negatively affected marketing and process innovation, indicating a misalignment between incentive structures and innovation goals. Furthermore, organizational adhocracy culture significantly moderated the relationship between talent management and business innovation, but in a negative direction—implying that in highly flexible and less structured environments, the impact of talent strategies on innovation was weakened. The study concluded that while talent management is critical to innovation, its impact varies across innovation types and is influenced by the organizational culture. It was recommended that firms strengthen the alignment between recruitment practices, training programs, and innovation goals. Reward systems should be redesigned to support creativity and operational improvements, and greater structural clarity should be introduced in adhocratic environments to balance flexibility with accountability. These steps are essential to unlocking the full innovation potential of talent strategies in Nigeria’s oil and gas sector.
Entrepreneurial Leadership and Innovative Work Behavior: The Role of Employee Entrepreneurial Passion
Innovation is a gateway to survival, growth, and success for modern organizations. Employees’ fundamental contribution to organizational innovation is well documented. Stimulating the creativity and innovativeness of employees is thus an essential objective of many leaders. However, not all leaders would be effective in this endeavor, and not under all circumstances. We investigate the relationship between perceived entrepreneurial leadership and innovative work behavior of IT employees. We draw on social cognitive theory to explain this relationship. Our model theorizes that perceived entrepreneurial leadership would enhance employees' innovative behavior directly and indirectly through their entrepreneurial passion. We empirically test our theory using structural equation modeling based on data collected from 446 employees using an online survey. The results validate our model. Our findings offer new, important theoretical insights and useful managerial implications .
THE IMPACT OF MANDATORY AGE-BASED RETIREMENT OF QUALIFIED AND EXPERIENCED PERSONNEL ON STRATEGIC EFFICIENCY IN FOREIGN POLICY
This study examines the effects of mandatory age-based retirement on strategic efficiency in foreign policy from an interdisciplinary perspective. The research presents an original conceptual framework positioned at the intersection of public administration, organizational behavior, international relations, and aging studies literatures. The central argument contends that automatic retirement mechanisms based on chronological age produce multidimensional adverse effects on strategic efficiency through institutional memory loss, diminished experience density, disruption of intergenerational knowledge transfer, and weakened inter-institutional coordination capacity. The research demonstrates that these effects are amplified particularly in the foreign policy domain through a "multiplier effect" mechanism, as foreign policy decisions are made under conditions of high uncertainty, multi-actor complexity, and elevated error costs. Employing comparative policy analysis and thematic content analysis methods, the study proposes a health-based flexible retirement model grounded in the scientific consensus that chronological age alone is not a reliable indicator of performance. This model envisions qualified and experienced personnel continuing in their positions without restrictions until age 75; undergoing biennial health board evaluations between ages 75-81; and annual evaluations thereafter. Research findings indicate that the proposed model could generate positive effects on decision quality, institutional continuity, intergenerational complementarity, and strategic foresight capacity. The study frames the reconsideration of mandatory retirement age not as a short-term personnel arrangement but as a long-term institutional investment that strengthens national strategic capacity.
The Role of Hedonistic Conformity, Social Pressure, and Loan Self-Control on PayLater Usage Behavior among University Students
The rapid growth of Buy Now Pay Later (BNPL) services such as Shopee PayLater, GoPayLater, and OVO PayLater has transformed young consumers’ financial behavior in Indonesia. While these services increase access to financial products, they also pose a risk of impulsive credit use among university students. This study investigates the influence of hedonistic conformity and social pressure on PayLater usage behavior, introducing loan self-control a construct first conceptualized by <!-- [if supportFields]>ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.5267/j.ac.2024.2.001","abstract":"Loan Self Control (LSC) can be defined as the ability of self-control related to behavioral control, cognitive control, and decisional control in managing loans or debts for financial welfare. The study aims to determine the factors of loan self-control in Kredit Usaha Rakyat (KUR) banking customers of Micro Small Medium Enterprise (MSMEs) in Indonesia so that they can obtain three-time financing from banks. This study used 87 samples collected by purposive sampling technique. Primary data was collected using an online survey. Factor analysis formed 3 loan self-control factors, namely Behavioral control, Cognitive control and decisional control from 14 indicators tested.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Elliyana","given":"Ela","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Widyastuti","given":"Umi","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Buchdadi","given":"Agung Dharmawan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rabie","given":"Ahmed Benyahia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Accounting","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2024"]]},"page":"49-54","title":"Determinants of loan self control: Customer case “Kredit Usaha Rakyat” of Indonesia","type":"article-journal","volume":"10"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=8ce7b2f6-75da-4410-94f0-c45d63c7dd21"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Elliyana, Widyastuti, et al., 2024)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Elliyana, Widyastuti, et al., 2024)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Elliyana, Widyastuti, et al., 2024)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<![endif]-->(Elliyana, Widyastuti, et al., 2024)<!-- [if supportFields]><![endif]--> as a moderating variable that reflects individuals’ ability to regulate their borrowing behavior. Using a quantitative explanatory design, data were collected from 340 university students who are active PayLater users. Analysis was conducted using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The findings reveal that both hedonistic conformity and social pressure have significant positive effects on PayLater usage behavior, while loan self-control has a significant negative effect. Moreover, loan self-control moderates the relationships between social and hedonistic influences and PayLater behavior, weakening the impact of social conformity on impulsive financial decisions. These results emphasize that financial behavior among young adults is not only shaped by financial knowledge but also by psychological self-regulation. The integration of loan self-control into the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) framework offers a novel behavioral lens for understanding digital credit consumption in emerging economies.
Empowerment through Entrepreneurship: A Qualitative study of women Artisan Entrepreneurial Ecosystem & their contribution towards economic and social development in the state of Sikkim & North Bengal Regions
Entrepreneurship is universally considered a major force driving the progress of modern society. Entrepreneurs bring forth new ideas and solutions that constitute the very crux of enterprise development and economic growth creation. In the context of a developing nation like ours, North Eastern India, the empowerment of women entrepreneurs has become a core approach towards achieving sustainable development. The current study explores the evolving scenario of women artisan entrepreneurship, especially the determinants of its expansion. It seeks to understand the issues facing women in the entrepreneurial setup of Sikkim & North Bengal regions and their significant contribution to the same. The emergence of women artisan entrepreneurs not only adds to the economic independence of women but also enhances and fosters their exclusive capabilities, securing their livelihood and creating societal development. In responding to the main challenges facing women entrepreneurs, the current study seeks to sensitise policymakers and instill fresh initiative in this regard. Through the study of a few carefully selected case studies, the study focuses on the experiences, achievements, issues, and societal implications pertaining to women artisan entrepreneurs.
Digital Transformation in Indian Banking: Opportunities and Challenges
The Indian banking sector is undergoing a profound digital transformation driven by innovations such as mobile banking, digital wallets, the Unified Payments Interface (UPI), and biometric-based authentication. This paper explores the scale, opportunities, and challenges of this transformation, using secondary data from the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI), and international industry reports. Evidence shows that UPI transactions surpassed 1.38 billion per month by mid-2024, positioning India as the world leader in real-time digital payments. Digital banking has expanded financial inclusion, reduced transaction costs, and fostered fintech-led innovation. However, the rise in cyber frauds, the persistence of a rural-urban digital divide, and regulatory concerns around data governance present significant risks. The study highlights that while digital banking enhances efficiency and accessibility, sustainable growth requires robust cybersecurity frameworks, inclusive digital literacy initiatives, and strengthened regulatory oversight. By analysing current trends and challenges, the paper provides policy suggestions for securing India’s position as a global leader in digital finance.
Rainwater harvesting has been essential throughout history, from primitive techniques to modern ones. Rainwater harvesting began in ancient cultures like the Indus Valley, Roman Empire, and Mesopotamia using rudimentary catchment and storage technologies. It then discusses modern water scarcity solutions using improved filtration, storage, and delivery systems. The paper shows how combining ancient wisdom and modern advancements can provide sustainable water management solutions.
Accounting for Peace and Environmental Justice: Toward a Multi-Dimensional Sustainability Model
This study investigates how peace and environmental justice can be integrated into sustainability accounting to create a multi-dimensional reporting model. Using a quantitative survey of 120 professionals across corporate, governmental, and non-profit sectors in sub-Saharan Africa, data were analyzed with SPSS to examine patterns in sustainability disclosure. Results show that only 47.5% of organizations include environmental justice indicators, and just 25.8% track impacts on marginalized groups. Strong correlations were found between justice-oriented reporting and stakeholder inclusion (r = 0.61), as well as with conflict sensitivity (r = 0.58). Additionally, sustainability reporting was positively correlated with community trust (r = 0.63) and negatively with conflict frequency (r = 0.56). These findings support the need for a new sustainability accounting model that includes peacebuilding and equity metrics. The study recommends expanding reporting frameworks, training accounting professionals, and mandating justice-focused disclosures to enhance corporate accountability and social stability.
Enhancing SDG-4 Outcomes through Vocational Education in Sikkim
The situation in the Indian state of Sikkim illustrates the changes in the practices and policies of vocational and technical education due to the fourth sustainable development goal (SDG4) which focuses on education in all its forms and dimensions. Through the utilization of secondary data, government documentation, and regional reports from NITI Aayog, this research aims to explore the influence of vocational policies and the NEP 2020 on the evolving education landscape of Sikkim. This research attempts to develop a hypothesis which requires that investments into skill development at different stages in the education paradigm increases the qualitative and quantitative standards of employment, thus shifting the norm from traditional to self-employment. This research targets the transformation in Sikkim’s institutions, its youth, and its governance in pursuit of fulfilling SDG 4 through education and skill training. Preliminary data illustrates the use of NSQF modules and ‘bagless days’ that are integrated into primary education, livelihood schools, and skill-based work exposure, which are aimed at raising the certification, employment and entrepreneurship levels in NEP 2020, PMKVY, Atmanirbhar Bharat.
A STUDY ON ADAPTIVE STRATEGIES OF DUCK FARMERS IN RESPONSE TO WEATHER -INDUCED FLOOD VARIABILITY IN KERALA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ALAPPUZHA DISTRICT
Duck farming is a vital livelihood activity in Alappuzha district, Kerala, where the unique ecosystem of backwaters and paddy fields and inherent nature of geography support large-scale production. However, recurrent floods are a threat to the productivity of the sector and the growth of the market supply chains. This study examines the adaptive strategies adopted by duck farmers to cope with flood-induced weather variability. The primary data was collected from 100 randomly selected farmers, and the secondary data was collected from government reports and academic studies. The results of the study show that even though most of the farmers adopt traditional methods to cope with the effects of flood-induced weather variability in the study area, comprehensive policy measures from the part of the government are essential to ensure the productivity and sustainability of the sector.
The Role of Readiness to Change as a Mediator in the Relationship between Employee Performance, Digitization, and Self-Efficacy
Purpose: This study investigates the mediating role of readiness to change in the relationship between employee performance and two key antecedents’ digitalization and self-efficacy within the aviation industry. Drawing on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Social Cognitive Theory, it offers an integrated theoretical framework to explain how technological transformation and individual capability jointly enhance performance. Methodology/approach: A quantitative, census-based survey was conducted among all 116 staff members of the Airnav Yogyakarta Branch. Data were analyzed using Partial Least Squares (PLS) within the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) framework. Results/findings: Results show that both digitalization and self-efficacy significantly improve employee performance, directly and indirectly through readiness to change. Furthermore, these two factors positively influence readiness to change, underscoring its pivotal role in navigating digital transformation. Limitations: The findings provide actionable guidance for aviation leaders in designing training programs and change management strategies that strengthen self-efficacy and digital readiness, thereby accelerating adaptation in technology-driven operational contexts. Contribution: This study expands the literature on organizational change by validating readiness to change as a mediator in the aviation sector an industry underrepresented in existing research. By integrating TAM and Social Cognitive Theory, it deepens the understanding of the interplay between technology adoption, psychological readiness, and performance outcomes. Novelty: Unlike prior studies in general corporate settings, this research offers sector-specific evidence from a high-regulation, technology-intensive environment, delivering both theoretical advancement and practical insight.
DETERMINANTS OF DISCLOSURE INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL (STUDY ON TELECOMMUNICATION COMPANIES LISTED ON THE IDX IN 2018-2022)
This study aims to test and analyse the effect of intellectual capita performance, institutional ownership, independent commissioner, risk and leverage on intellectual disclosure. The samples in this study were 9 Telecommunication companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange with annual report data from 2018 - 2022. The data was processed with multiple regression regression analysis using SPSS version 25. The results of this study indicate that the overall level of disclosure of intellectual capital of telecommunications companies is quite high, which is above 70%. The findings in this study are that independent commissioners and risk have a positive effect on intellectual capital disclosure, while institutional ownership is found to have a negative effect on intellectual capital disclosure. This study also found that intellectual capital performance and leverage have no effect on intellectual capital disclosure).
GREEN FINANCE AND ENVIRONMENTAL ACCOUNTING: EMPIRICAL INSIGHTS FROM SUSTAINABLE BANKING PRATICES
This study investigates the relationship between green finance and environmental accounting, using empirical data from sustainable banking practices in Nigeria. In recent years, the pressure to align financial services with environmental sustainability has intensified, prompting banks to adopt green finance tools such as green bonds, ESG loans, and renewable energy funding. However, the extent to which these practices are supported by robust environmental accounting systems remains understudied, especially in emerging economies. This research adopts a quantitative approach, surveying 110 banking professionals across various institutions. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and linear regression analysis. The results reveal a high level of awareness of green finance among respondents, with a mean score of 3.77 (Agree) and a standard deviation of 1.08. A strong and statistically significant correlation was found between green finance and environmental accounting (r = 0.712, p < 0.01), indicating a positive linear relationship. Furthermore, regression analysis shows that green finance significantly predicts environmental accounting practices (β = 0.712, t = 10.52, p = 0.000), accounting for 50.7% of the variance (R² = 0.507). These findings suggest that green financial practices are a strong driver of transparency, impact reporting, and sustainability performance in banks. The study suggests that regulatory authorities should mandate environmental accounting as a prerequisite for green finance participation and promote capacity-building initiatives within banks to embed sustainability practices into their operations. The integration of green finance and environmental accounting not only strengthens corporate accountability but also supports Nigeria’s commitment to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
Human Capital and Income Growth in East Asia
We examine the effect of human capital on income growth using data for East Asia. The World Bank website provides data on education expenditures and school enrollments per year, which are flow variables. We supplement the data with information from each country’s websites and estimate the impact of stock of human capital using a method based on the conventional production function. The results show that the effects of human capital on per capita income growth for the period 2000-2012 are higher than those of period 2012-2024. We also find that the effects are very different for individual economies.
Franchise or Famine: Exploring Franchising as a Side-Hustle Strategy for Salary Earners in Economically Strained Labour Markets
As wage stagnation and inflation erode the economic security of salaried professionals in developing economies, structured side-hustles like franchising are emerging as viable income diversification tools. This study critically explores franchising as a hybrid entrepreneurship strategy for full-time employees, reframing it from a corporate expansion model into a welfare-enhancing economic intervention. Anchored in Push–Pull Theory, the Resource-Based View, and Hybrid Entrepreneurship Framework, the research applies a sequential explanatory mixed-methods design to examine how franchising mediates the tension between formal employment and entrepreneurial aspiration. Quantitative data from 320 salary earners across Lagos, Abuja, and Port Harcourt reveal that salary inadequacy (β = 0.46, p < 0.001), entrepreneurial motivation (β = 0.39), and time flexibility (β = 0.22) significantly predict interest in franchising. Franchise accessibility—measured through affordability, brand awareness, and training availability—emerged as a critical mediator. Qualitative insights from 25 franchisees and franchisors further underscore franchising’s appeal as a “controlled entrepreneurship” model, contrasting its structure and support systems with the volatility of informal gigs. However, systemic barriers such as prohibitive fees, limited awareness, and low policy support remain significant obstacles. The findings position franchising as a middle-ground pathway—balancing stability and autonomy—for professionals navigating economic precarity. The study advocates for subsidized micro-franchise programs, targeted HR inclusion strategies, and franchise literacy campaigns as policy imperatives. By democratizing access to structured entrepreneurship, franchising can evolve into a scalable national strategy for inclusive income resilience. In a labour market increasingly defined by survivalism, the choice for professionals may indeed be stark: franchise—or famine.
Development through Women Empowerment: A Study of Kasaragod District in Kerala
Women empowerment is a vital component of inclusive and sustainable development. This study explores the relationship between women empowerment and socio-economic development in the Kasaragod district of Kerala, a region marked by cultural diversity and developmental disparities. By analyzing data from local self-governments, women’s self-help groups, and community development initiatives, the study assesses the role of education, economic participation, and political representation in advancing the status of women. The findings indicate that targeted empowerment programs—particularly those facilitated by Kudumbashree and other grassroots organizations—have significantly enhanced women’s agency, income levels, and decision-making capacity. Despite these advancements, challenges such as gender-based violence, wage inequality, and limited access to higher leadership roles persist. The paper concludes that a multidimensional approach to empowerment, integrating social, economic, and political strategies, is essential for the holistic development of Kasaragod and similar regions.
Artificial Intelligence in India: its growth, projects, and future
AI is becoming a powerful force in India that is changing industries, government, and everyday life. This article looks at how AI has changed in India over time, from early research projects to the use of cutting-edge technologies in all areas of life. It looks at important government and business sector projects, like NITI Aayog's National Strategy for AI, the creation of Centres of Excellence, and policy frameworks that focus on AI. The article also talks about India's expanding AI ecosystem, which includes businesses, university research, and partnerships with other countries. Finally, it talks about the future of AI in India, looking at chances in healthcare, farming, education, and smart governance, as well as problems with ethics, data protection, and skill development. The article ends by stressing the importance of a balanced and open-minded approach to using AI to promote fair and long-term progress in India.
Assertive Communication as a Key Factor in Social Entrepreneurship
This study presents a descriptive investigation based on the analysis and synthesis of scientific literature on assertive communication and social entrepreneurship, aiming to identify assertive communication as a key and fundamental element of the social entrepreneur. A bibliographic review was carried out, consisting of scientific articles published between 2019 and 2024, indexed in Google Scholar in both English and Spanish. However, no specific studies were found that directly address the relationship between assertive communication and social entrepreneurship, revealing a gap in research focused on this communication skill among social entrepreneurs, despite their extensive interaction with affected communities and investors.
Strategic resilience has become an important idea in organisational theory and practice during a time of uncertainty, turbulence, and rapid change. This article looks at the two sides of strategic resilience and asks if it is a good thing that makes companies more adaptable and gives them a competitive edge, or a bad thing that makes them less flexible and wastes resources. Using case studies from different fields, the essay looks at how companies understand and use resilience tactics, the trade-offs that come with them, and the aspects in their environment that affect whether they succeed or fail. It also talks about the conflict between being flexible in the short term and being ready for the long term. It gives leaders a sophisticated framework to help them deal with resilience as both a strategic need and a possible strategic trap. The essay ends by suggesting ways to build resilience that is both strong and flexible, so you don't make the mistakes of overinvesting or not aligning your goals.
The Panchayath Raj System's role in the development of rural areas in the Haveri District's Ranebennur Taluk
The Panchayati Raj system is very important for rural development all over India. In the instance of Ranebennur Taluk in Haveri District, Karnataka, it has been very helpful in making governance and development happen at the local level. The Panchayath Raj system is very important for making government less centralised and helping rural areas grow in India. This study looks at how well the Panchayath Raj Institutions (PRIs) work and what they do for rural development in the Ranebennur Taluk of Haveri District, Karnataka. The study looks at how local governments deal with problems including building infrastructure, providing education, health care, sanitation, and creating jobs. We got the information by doing field surveys, talking to Panchayath members, and looking at government data. The results show that the Panchayath Raj system has helped a lot with planning and carrying out many welfare programs, but problems like not enough money, not enough administrative capacity, and political meddling are still there. At the end of the study, there are suggestions for how to make local government stronger and more open so that more people can take part in it. This will help PRIs do a better job of promoting sustainable rural development.
A Systematic Literature Review on Personal Financial Management Practices: Budgeting, Investment, Debt, and Saving
Personal Financial Management (PFM) encompasses the practices of budgeting, saving, investing, and debt handling that directly influence individual financial well-being. This systematic literature review synthesizes findings from 47 peer-reviewed studies published between 2018 and 2024 across multiple countries and populations. The review highlights that financial literacy plays a pivotal role in enhancing individual financial behaviors, particularly in fostering saving habits, responsible investment choices, and effective debt management. Digital financial tools such as mobile banking and budgeting apps also emerge as significant enablers of financial discipline, especially among youth and urban consumers. However, behavioral and social factors such as peer influence, impulsivity, and media exposure continue to challenge the efficacy of financial education. The study underscores the importance of integrating financial literacy into educational curricula and leveraging digital innovations to enhance individual autonomy in managing personal finances. Overall, PFM is a multidimensional construct influenced by socio-economic, psychological, technological, and institutional factors that demand an interdisciplinary response in both policy and academic discourse.
Social Media Marketing and Brand Performance: A Strategic Analysis
Social Media Marketing (SMM) has become one of the most influential drivers of brand performance in the digital era. Unlike traditional marketing channels, social media platforms enable real-time communication, personalized engagement, and data-driven targeting that significantly shape consumer perceptions and brand value. This research article investigates the relationship between social media marketing strategies and brand performance. Drawing upon theoretical frameworks, case studies, and empirical evidence, the study analyzes how social media enhances brand awareness, brand image, customer loyalty, and overall market competitiveness. Findings suggest that SMM, when strategically aligned with organizational goals, serves as a catalyst for improved customer engagement, brand differentiation, and profitability. However, challenges such as information overload, negative eWOM (electronic word of mouth), and ethical concerns remain critical barriers to maximizing its potential.
Social Media Marketing (SMM), brand performance, digital engagement, electronic word of mouth (eWOM), customer loyalty, brand awareness, consumer behavior, digital branding.
Generality of Technical and Vocational Training Program (TVET) in All Professions
Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) is increasingly recognized as a critical component for bridging theoretical knowledge and practical skills across diverse professional fields. This study investigates the universal relevance of TVET by examining its integration and impact within ten distinct professions, including medicine, mechanical engineering, accounting, agriculture, law enforcement, architecture, information technology, renewable energy, hospitality, and education. Through a comprehensive secondary data analysis of academic literature and industry reports from 2019 to 2023, the research identifies that TVET enhances professional competencies by embedding experiential and competency-based learning approaches. Fields such as medicine and engineering notably incorporate simulation and project-based training, which contribute to improved workforce readiness and reduced skill gaps. Despite these benefits, challenges such as inadequate infrastructure, limited collaboration with industry stakeholders, and persistent academic biases impede TVET’s broader acceptance. The study highlights the need for strategic policy reforms and stronger cross-sector partnerships to promote TVET as an indispensable element of professional education, ultimately supporting workforce development in the context of rapid technological and economic change.
Effectiveness of Green Marketing on Consumer Loyalty
This study explores the impact of green marketing strategies on consumer loyalty, examining the extent to which environmentally responsible branding influences customer retention and advocacy. With increasing environmental awareness among consumers, businesses are leveraging green marketing to differentiate themselves and build stronger emotional connections with their target audiences. Through a mixed-methods approach, including surveys and case studies, this research investigates how green marketing initiatives—such as eco-friendly packaging, sustainable sourcing, and transparent environmental claims—affect consumer perceptions, trust, and long-term brand loyalty. The findings indicate a positive correlation between the authenticity of green marketing efforts and consumer loyalty, particularly among environmentally conscious demographic segments. The study concludes that while green marketing can be a powerful driver of loyalty, its effectiveness hinges on perceived credibility and the alignment between a company’s environmental claims and its actual practices.