World Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies
World Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies (ISSN: 3049-0855) is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal that was founded in 2024 by WASR Publication. The journal aims to serve as a leading platform for researchers, academicians, and practitioners in various multidisciplinary fields to disseminate high-quality, original research. WJMS is committed to promoting the exchange of ideas and knowledge, fostering academic and professional excellence, and contributing to the advancement of these diverse disciplines.
Harnessing Alternative Carbon and Nitrogen Substrates from Agro-Wastes for Cost-Effective Fungal Cultivation Media
The rising cost of conventional fungal culture media and the increasing accumulation of agro-industrial wastes have intensified the search for sustainable, low-cost alternatives for fungal cultivation. Commercial media such as Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA), Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA), and Czapek-Dox Agar (CDA) depend on refined carbon and nitrogen sources, making them expensive and often inaccessible in resource-limited settings. Meanwhile, large volumes of agricultural residues generated from crop production, food processing, and livestock industries remain underutilized despite their rich nutritional value. This review examines the potential of agro-wastes as alternative carbon and nitrogen substrates for developing cost-effective fungal cultivation media. Carbohydrate-rich materials, including Caladium bicolor, Dioscorea bulbifera, maize, fruit peels, brewer's spent grain, and groundnut peel, together with nitrogen-rich substrates such as blood meal, soybean, legumes, and other proteinaceous agro-residues, are evaluated for their nutritional composition and ability to support fungal growth, sporulation, and metabolite production. Evidence from recent studies indicates that agro-waste-derived media can achieve fungal growth and performance comparable to conventional commercial media while substantially reducing production costs and promoting waste valorization. The review also discusses key challenges to their widespread application, including substrate variability, media standardization, sterilization, contamination control, and quality assurance. The use of agro-residues in fungal media formulation supports circular bioeconomy principles by transforming agricultural wastes into valuable resources, reducing environmental pollution, and improving access to microbiological research and industrial biotechnology. Future research should prioritize optimizing substrate combinations, standardizing formulations, and validating these media across diverse fungal species and applications. Overall, agro-waste-based cultivation media represent a sustainable and economically viable alternative to conventional fungal media, with significant implications for research, education, and industrial biotechnology.
Traditional Siddha Healthcare Systems for Infection Prevention and Community Health
Background: Infectious diseases remain a major global health burden, particularly among children, due to their developing immune systems and high exposure in community settings. The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance and recurrent outbreaks of communicable diseases highlight the need for effective preventive healthcare strategies. Siddha medicine, a traditional system of South India, offers a holistic approach to infection prevention through herbal formulations, dietary regulation, and lifestyle practices. Objective: To explore the role of traditional Siddha healthcare systems in infection prevention and community health promotion, with special reference to pediatric prophylactic practices including Urai Mathirai, Korosanai Mathirai, dietary interventions, and lifestyle modifications. Materials and Methods: An evidence-based narrative review was conducted using scientific databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, MEDLINE, and AYUSH Research Portal. Classical Siddha texts, Ministry of AYUSH publications, and relevant experimental, clinical, and review studies published between 2000 and 2025 were included. Data were extracted on Siddha preventive formulations, dietary practices, lifestyle modifications, antimicrobial activity, and immunomodulatory mechanisms. Results: The review revealed that Siddha preventive healthcare integrates pediatric formulations such as Urai Mathirai and Korosanai Mathirai, dietary therapy, and lifestyle modifications to reduce infection risk. These formulations are traditionally used for prevention of respiratory and gastrointestinal infections in children and are associated with antimicrobial, antipyretic, and immunomodulatory effects. Dietary interventions including amla, turmeric, garlic, ginger, pepper, and millets provide antioxidant and immune-enhancing benefits. Lifestyle practices such as adequate sleep, hygiene maintenance, seasonal behavioral regulation, and physical activity contribute significantly to improved immunity and reduced infection susceptibility. The combined actions of these interventions suggest a synergistic approach to strengthening host defense mechanisms and promoting community health. Conclusion: Siddha preventive healthcare systems offer a comprehensive and multi-dimensional strategy for infection prevention, particularly in pediatric populations. However, further standardized clinical and experimental studies are required to validate their efficacy and facilitate integration into modern public health systems.
Siddha Herbal Extracts as Natural Antimicrobial Agents Against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria
Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as one of the most critical global public health challenges of the twenty-first century. The rapid spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae, carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii, has significantly reduced the effectiveness of conventional antibiotics. Consequently, there is an urgent need to identify novel antimicrobial agents from natural sources. The Siddha system of medicine, a traditional healthcare system practiced in South India, possesses a rich repository of medicinal plants with documented antimicrobial properties. Increasing scientific evidence suggests that Siddha herbal extracts contain bioactive phytochemicals capable of inhibiting the growth of multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens. Objective: To review the antimicrobial potential of Siddha herbal extracts against multidrug-resistant bacteria, summarize the current scientific evidence regarding their antibacterial mechanisms, and evaluate their future prospects as alternative or complementary antimicrobial agents. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted using electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, SpringerLink, and the AYUSH Research Portal. Relevant studies published between 2000 and 2025 were screened and analyzed. Classical Siddha texts, experimental investigations, phytochemical studies, molecular docking analyses, anti-biofilm studies, clinical reports, and review articles related to Siddha herbal extracts and antimicrobial resistance were included in the review. Results: The review identified several Siddha medicinal plants with significant antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant bacteria, including Andrographis paniculata (Nilavembu), Azadirachta indica (Veppam), Tinospora cordifolia (Seenthil), Ocimum tenuiflorum (Tulsi), Phyllanthus emblica (Nellikai), Piper longum (Thippili), Syzygium aromaticum (Kirambu), and Terminalia chebula (Kadukkai). These plants contain diverse phytochemicals such as andrographolide, azadirachtin, berberine, eugenol, gallic acid, piperine, flavonoids, and tannins that exhibit antibacterial effects through multiple mechanisms, including disruption of bacterial cell walls and membranes, inhibition of protein and nucleic acid synthesis, suppression of quorum sensing pathways, and prevention of biofilm formation. Several studies also reported synergistic interactions between Siddha herbal extracts and conventional antibiotics, suggesting their potential role in overcoming antimicrobial resistance. Conclusion: Siddha herbal extracts represent a promising source of natural antimicrobial agents against multidrug-resistant bacteria. Their broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, anti-biofilm effects, immunomodulatory properties, and multitarget mechanisms provide a strong scientific basis for further investigation.
Integrated Frameworks in Surveying, Geodesy, and Geoinformatics: Empirical Models for Environmental Resilience and Interdisciplinary Technical Knowledge Transfer
Modern geoinformatics serves as the foundation for sustainable civil infrastructure, natural resource management, and reducing environmental hazards. This research article looks into the integration of geodetic frameworks, Satellite Remote Sensing (SRS), and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to tackle important socioeconomic and geomechanical challenges, focusing on regional land surveying and subsidence mechanics in Nigeria. We explore the dual role of geospatial engineering. First, it acts as a technical framework for geodetic control and tracking deformation. Second, it projects a socio-technical framework where effective communication within organizations and the development of human skills affect project success. By using local datasets along with global geodetic methods, this article shows how spatial data infrastructures support sustainable development, monitor local deformation in geologically vulnerable areas like Lokpaukwu (Umunneochi LGA, Abia State), and outlines how interdisciplinary communication improves professional surveying practices.
DYNAMIC CAPABILITIES AND RESILIENCE OF FINTECH COMPANIES IN NIGERIA
This study examined the relationship between Dynamic Capabilities and Resilience of fintech companies in Nigeria, with adhocracy culture assessed as a moderating variable. Dynamic capabilities were measured through sensing, seizing, and reconfiguring capabilities, while resilience was captured by agility, adaptability, and innovativeness. Ten null hypotheses were formulated to test the relationships among these constructs. The study adopted the positivist philosophical paradigm and a cross-sectional survey design. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire administered to executives of fintech firms, with 98 questionnaires distributed and 87 valid responses retrieved. Descriptive statistics were generated using SPSS version 25, while Partial Least Squares–Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) with SmartPLS version 4.1.1.5 was employed to test the hypotheses. Findings showed that sensing capability significantly enhanced adaptability and innovativeness but did not significantly influence agility. Seizing capability had significant positive effects on agility, adaptability, and innovativeness, underscoring its role in strengthening resilience. Conversely, reconfiguring capability exhibited a negative effect on agility and innovativeness, and an insignificant effect on adaptability, suggesting that excessive restructuring may weaken resilience outcomes. Adhocracy culture did not significantly moderate the relationship between dynamic capabilities and resilience. The study concluded that sensing and seizing capabilities were central to building resilience in fintech firms, while reconfiguring capability, if poorly managed, could undermine resilience efforts. Adhocracy culture, though inherently flexible, was insufficient to alter these relationships significantly. It was recommended that fintech firms institutionalise real-time market monitoring, embed customer feedback systems, and channel environmental insights into innovation initiatives. Managers were encouraged to adopt flexible decision-making structures, pursue external collaborations, and stabilise innovation processes during restructuring. Overall, resilience should be structurally embedded in organisational systems rather than solely dependent on cultural orientations.
Recalibrating Ease of Doing Business and Maximizing Productivity and Profitability in Nigeria’s Energy Sector in VUCA Times
This study examines the recalibration of ease of doing business and its implications for maximizing productivity and profitability in Nigeria’s energy sector within the context of VUCA (Volatility, Uncertainty, Complexity, and Ambiguity) conditions. The study is motivated by the persistent underperformance of the sector despite abundant resource endowments and its critical role in national development, while the objectives are to evaluate the impact of ease of doing business, operational efficiency, and VUCA conditions on profitability, and to determine how their interactions influence sector performance. The study adopts a quantitative research design, using time series data from 2000 to 2023, and employs the ARCH–GARCH estimation technique to account for volatility clustering and dynamic relationships among the variables. The stationarity tests confirm that all variables are integrated of order one, thereby justifying further econometric analysis. The findings reveal that operational efficiency has a significant negative effect on profitability, due to high production costs and inefficiencies. At the same time, ease of doing business exerts a positive but insignificant effect, reflecting weak institutional implementation, and VUCA conditions have a positive and significant impact, suggesting that firms exploit volatility for profit opportunities. However, the interaction between ease of doing business and VUCA is negative and significant, indicating that weak institutional frameworks constrain the benefits of operating in volatile environments. The model is found to be stable and reliable based on diagnostic and post-estimation tests. The study concludes that improving institutional quality, enhancing operational efficiency, and adopting adaptive strategies are essential for repositioning Nigeria's energy sector for sustainable growth, and recommends policy reforms to strengthen regulatory frameworks, improve infrastructure, enhance transparency, and attract foreign investment.
AERIAL FUNGAL ISOLATES IN THE DEGRADATION OF CONGO RED AND METHYL ORANGE DYES
The degradation of synthetic dyes, particularly Congo Red and Methyl Orange. poses significant environmental challenges due to the persistence of these chemicals in industrial wastewater. This study aimed to isolate and identify fungal species capable of degrading Congo Red and Methyl Orange at varying concentrations, with a focus on the biodegradation potential of Fusarium oxysporum and Aspergillus flavus. The fungi were isolated from soil samples and cultured on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA), Their ability to degrade the dye was assessed at different concentrations (0.1%, 0.01%, and 0.001 %) by measuring the zone of clearance over a period of 10 days. The results indicated that Aspergillus flavus demonstrated a high degradation efficiency across all concentrations of Congo Red at 0.1%, 0.01 % and 0.001 %, with a high degradation of 20%, 21% and 22% respectively by day ten whereas Aspergillus niger showed a higher degradation of Methyl Orange at 0.01% and 0.001% concentration with an average of 18% degradation by day ten but was less efficient at higher concentrations. Fusarium oxysporum showed moderate degradation across both dyes at 14% to 17% respectively. These findings suggest that Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger are promising candidates for the biodegradation of high-concentration dye effluents, while Fusarium oxysporum may be more suitable for environments with moderate dye concentrations. This study contributes to the growing body of research on fungal bioremediation, offering practical applications for the treatment of industrial wastewater. Further research is recommended to scale these findings to industrial levels and explore the toxicity of the by-products generated during the degradation process.
Integrating Geospatial Technologies in Land Surveying and Geoinformatics: A Descriptive Empirical Analysis
This study creates a connection between technical geoinformatics, sustainable land management, and German specialized terminology. As modern cadastral surveying moves from traditional terrestrial methods to new geospatial approaches, understanding how these tools work and their meanings is essential for global knowledge sharing. This paper uses a descriptive empirical analysis to explore the incorporation of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and remote sensing in today’s surveying practices. Based mainly on foundational Nigerian regional models, the study looks at structural soil displacement, ground subsidence, and deformation dynamics in Lokpaukwu Town, Umunneochi, Abia State, while also considering environmental sustainability measures. At the same time, the paper conducts a linguistic analysis of German terms in geoinformatics, examining their compound structures and translation methods. The findings reveal that using multi-spectral spatial technologies improves mapping accuracy by up to 40% compared to traditional systems. This provides crucial engineering data for sustainable infrastructure development while offering a standardized guide for specialized translation.
Bayesian-Based Assessment of Retrofitting Strategies for Seismic Resilience of Petroleum Storage Tanks
This study presents a causally informed, Bayesian-based framework for evaluating seismic retrofitting strategies applied to an uplift-sensitive petroleum storage tank. A nonlinear digital twin is integrated with hierarchical Bayesian inference and counterfactual analysis to quantify probabilistic fragility transformation and mechanism-specific retrofit effects. The investigated reference tank exhibits a coupled uplift–localization–instability cascade governing severe damage evolution. Shell confinement, anchorage enhancement, and hybrid configurations are evaluated within a unified causal architecture. Results demonstrate that single-mechanism interventions provide partial mitigation and exhibit saturation under high-demand regimes, whereas hybrid retrofits simultaneously suppress uplift persistence and shell instability sensitivity, producing reduced fragility curvature, compressed uncertainty, and enhanced resilience robustness. Bayesian posterior reconstruction reveals heterogeneous treatment effects across demand and operational states, invalidating deterministic retrofit ranking assumptions. The proposed framework enables multidimensional fragility manifold reconstruction and mechanism-resolved resilience assessment, providing a rigorous basis for uncertainty-aware retrofit selection in uplift-dominated petroleum storage systems.
Artificial Companionship in Times of Social Isolation: Loneliness, Emotional Relief, and ChatGPT Usage Intentions among Adolescents and Young Adults
Loneliness constitutes one of the most pressing public health challenges among contemporary adolescents and young adults, with growing evidence that AI-powered conversational agents are increasingly deployed as coping mechanisms in contexts of social deficit. The present cross-sectional online survey examined the psychological antecedents of intentional ChatGPT usage as an emotional conversational partner among adolescents and young adults aged 16 to 24 years. A sample of N = 95 participants (55.8% female; M age = 19.94, SD = 2.47) completed adapted Likert-scale instruments assessing perceived loneliness, emotional relief through ChatGPT, perceived social support, and usage intention toward ChatGPT in emotionally demanding situations. Bivariate analyses revealed significant positive associations between loneliness and ChatGPT usage intention (r = .62, p < .001) and between emotional relief and usage intention (r = .71, p < .001), while perceived social support was negatively related to loneliness (r = −.66, p < .001) and to usage intention (r = −.29, p = .006). Multiple regression analysis accounted for 52% of variance in usage intention (R² = .52, F[5, 89] = 19.32, p < .001), with loneliness (β = .44, p < .001) and emotional relief (β = .38, p < .001) emerging as the strongest independent predictors, and social support exerting a significant inhibitory effect (β = −.21, p = .018). A one-way ANOVA revealed significant group differences in usage intention across loneliness severity tertiles (F[2, 92] = 10.47, p < .001). These findings indicate that ChatGPT fulfills a genuine short-term emotional regulation function for socially underserved youth and that perceived social support acts as a protective buffer. Preventive, psychoeducational, and developmental interventions should address the conditions under which AI-based emotional coping becomes a primary response to social deficit.
INTEGRATING GEOSPATIAL TECHNOLOGIES IN LAND SURVEYING TO SUPPORT SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
The rapid advancement of geospatial technologies has transformed land surveying, providing innovative solutions to environmental, engineering, and developmental challenges. This study explores the integration of Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Global Positioning System (GPS), and Remote Sensing in contemporary surveying practices. It examines the ways these technologies enhance accuracy, efficiency, and decision-making in engineering surveying, renewable energy planning, and climate change mitigation. Employing a conceptual and analytical methodology, the study reviews current literature, technical reports, and practical applications to assess the contribution of geospatial tools toward sustainable development. Findings indicate that the integration of GIS, GPS, and remote sensing significantly improves spatial data management, facilitates infrastructure planning, and strengthens environmental monitoring. Nevertheless, challenges such as high costs, limited technical expertise, and inadequate infrastructure hinder their optimal utilization, especially in developing regions. The study concludes that strategic investment in training, policy frameworks, and technological infrastructure is crucial to fully leverage geospatial technologies for sustainable development. Keywords: , , , , , , .
A Systematic Survey of AI-Enhanced Cybersecurity in Saudi Arabia: Strategic Trends and Future Directions
Artificial intelligence (AI) has become a foundational component of modern cybersecurity systems, particularly in nations undergoing rapid digital transformation. This paper presents a condensed survey of AI-driven cybersecurity research and implementations in Saudi Arabia during the current mid-decade period. Through a meta-analysis of a substantial body of academic literature, this research delineates primary AI methodologies, industry implementations, and nascent obstacles. Findings show accelerated adoption of machine learning, deep learning, and hybrid models across critical sectors including healthcare, banking, cloud infrastructure, and smart cities. Key application areas include intrusion detection, malware analysis, fraud prevention, anomaly detection, and predictive threat intelligence. Despite significant progress, challenges persist in data quality, algorithmic bias, explainability, and infrastructure limitations. The paper concludes by outlining future research opportunities in federated learning, explainable AI, and sector-tailored security frameworks aligned with Saudi Vision 2030.
The Spatiality of Culture: A Geospatial Workflow Analysis of Traditional Musical Spaces, Social Identity, and Institutional Well-Being
Traditional musical practices are spatial phenomena that go beyond simple sound properties. They establish territory, define sacred spaces, and create areas for community gathering. This investigation introduces a Geospatial Data Workflow that includes Data Collection, Data Processing, Spatial Analysis, and Decision-Making. It aims to model and map the structure of traditional performance spaces. By examining surveying and geoinformatics alongside modern communication methods and emotional education frameworks, this research shows how preserving cultural geography helps protect against digital displacement and the fragmentation of institutions. Evidence collected from high-resolution remote sensing, terrestrial LiDAR, and global navigation satellite systems at five historical locations shows that spatial preservation is linked to community identity and psychological safety. This text gives geospatial engineers and planners a practical framework for using spatial intelligence to support social well-being, improve institutional spaces, and promote effective spatial planning policies.
Barriers and Enablers to Smart Logistics System Development in Nigeria’s Supply Chain Industry
The paper has analysed the challenges and opportunities to the development of smart logistics systems in the Nigerian supply chain sector, particularly technology, financial, organisational, regulatory and infrastructural forces. The methodological approach used was a quantitative methodology, where data were gathered using a structured questionnaire among logistics and supply chain companies that are based in Nigeria. The survey population was developed with 520 logistics and supply chain professionals, out of which a sample of 226 respondents was identified and studied. The multiple regression analysis was used to analyze the effect of the independent variables on the development of smart logistics systems. The results demonstrated that the regression model was statistically significant and described a significant percentage of the change in the development of the smart logistics system. The technological factors and organisational factors proved to be the most predictive ones, meaning that digital readiness, system integration, management commitment, and employee competence are the key factors that facilitate the adoption of smart logistics. Significant positive effects were also observed to be exerted by financial aspects, regulatory and policy assistance, as well as infrastructure and environmental aspects, albeit to a lower degree. The paper concludes that the development of a smart logistics system in Nigeria is a multidimensional process that needs harmonisation of internal organisational capabilities with favourable external environmental conditions. The paper suggests more investment in digital infrastructure, capacity development, favourable regulatory environments, better access to finance, and infrastructural growth to positively affect the adoption of the smart logistics system in the supply chain sector in Nigeria.
IMPACT OF GENERATIVE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ON STUDENTS’ CRITICAL THINKING AND ACHIEVEMENT IN SOCIAL AND CIVIC EDUCATION IN COLLEGE OF EDUCATION GIDAN-WAYA, KADUNA STATE
This study examined the impact of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GAI) on students’ critical thinking and academic achievement in Social and Civic Education college of Education Gidan-Waya, Kaduna State. The study was motivated by the increasing use of GAI tools such as ChatGPT, Gemini, and Copilot among university students and concerns regarding their influence on higher-order thinking skills and academic performance. A descriptive survey research design was adopted. The population comprised 129 in Social and Civic Education, out of which 120 students were selected using simple random sampling. Data were collected using the Generative AI Usage Questionnaire, Critical Thinking Skills Scale, and students’ academic achievement scores. Mean, standard deviation, Pearson Product Moment Correlation, and t-test were used for data analysis at 0.05 level of significance. Findings revealed that students use GAI to a high extent for academic activities such as idea generation, summarization, concept clarification, and examination preparation. The study further found that GAI has a significant positive relationship with students’ critical thinking skills (r = 0.68) and academic achievement (r = 0.72). In addition, a significant difference was observed between frequent and rare users of GAI in terms of academic performance, with frequent users performing better. The study concluded that Generative Artificial Intelligence enhances students’ critical thinking and academic achievement when used responsibly and purposefully. However, overdependence on GAI may reduce independent reasoning and deep learning. It was recommended that universities develop policies and training programmes on ethical and effective use of GAI to promote academic integrity and strengthen critical thinking in higher education.
THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT POLICY IN SHAPING EFFECTIVE PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS (PPPs) FOR ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT IN NORTHERN NIGERIA
This study examined the role of government policy in shaping the effectiveness of Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) for road infrastructure development in Northern Nigeria, with evidence drawn from Nasarawa, Benue, and Kogi States. The study was motivated by persistent road infrastructure deficits in the region despite the adoption of PPP frameworks aimed at improving efficiency, financing, and service delivery. A mixed-methods research design was adopted, combining survey and documentary analysis. A sample of 400 respondents comprising public sector officials, private sector participants, and community representatives was selected using purposive and stratified sampling techniques, with 372 valid responses analyzed. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and thematic analysis. Findings revealed that government policy significantly influences PPP effectiveness, particularly through clear legal frameworks (72%), transparent procurement processes (70%), and policy consistency. However, policy inconsistency (65%) remains a major barrier to successful PPP implementation. The study further found that PPPs have moderately improved road infrastructure delivery, with improvements in road quality (58%) and project delivery speed (54%), although challenges such as delays and cost overruns (61%) persist. Qualitative findings highlighted key constraints including weak institutional capacity, policy inconsistency, security challenges, and limited community engagement. Chi-square analysis confirmed that government policy has a significant influence on PPP effectiveness (χ² = 15.84, p < 0.05), and that PPP arrangements significantly improve road infrastructure delivery (χ² = 13.27, p < 0.05). The study concludes that while PPPs are a viable strategy for addressing infrastructure deficits in Northern Nigeria, their effectiveness is largely dependent on coherent, stable, and effectively implemented government policy frameworks and strong institutional support. The study recommends policy stability, institutional strengthening, improved transparency, enhanced security measures, and increased stakeholder engagement to optimize PPP outcomes in road infrastructure development.
The Use of Drones for Surveying Applications
Drones, also known as Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), are revolutionizing traditional surveying practices by providing rapid, cost-effective, and high-resolution data capture. This study examines the use of drones in surveying, emphasizing photogrammetry, Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), and real-time mapping techniques. Field data collected in Onitsha, Anambra State, demonstrates that drone-based surveys can reduce field time by up to 70% while achieving positional accuracy of ±3 cm horizontally and ±5 cm vertically compared to conventional Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) methods. Key advantages include safe access to hazardous or difficult terrain, reduced manpower requirements, and seamless integration with Geographic Information System (GIS) platforms. Limitations such as battery life, weather dependency, and regulatory constraints are also critically evaluated. The findings support drones as viable tools for cadastral, topographic, and construction surveys in Nigeria and similar developing regions, offering significant potential for enhancing spatial data acquisition efficiency. Keywords: , , , , , , .
Christian Healing Versus African Traditional Healing: A Case of Kanyama Compound
Healing practices remain an important aspect of African society, particularly in communities where spiritual beliefs strongly influence people’s understanding of sickness and health. In many African communities, including Kanyama Compound in Lusaka, Zambia, individuals often seek healing through both Christian and African traditional methods. This study examines the relationship, differences, and tensions between Christian healing and African traditional healing practices in Kanyama Compound. The study investigates how residents perceive these healing systems, factors influencing their choices, and the implications for faith, culture, and healthcare. A qualitative research design was employed using interviews and observations among church leaders, traditional healers, and community members. Findings indicate that while Christianity condemns certain traditional healing practices as unbiblical, many residents continue to combine both systems due to cultural beliefs, economic challenges, and accessibility. The study concludes that healing practices in Kanyama Compound reflect a complex interaction between religion, culture, and social realities. The study recommends increased dialogue between religious institutions and healthcare practitioners to address misconceptions and promote holistic wellbeing.
Examining the Impact of Prostate Cancer in Men Undergoing Finger-Guided Prostate Biopsy at the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
Prostate cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related morbidity and mortality among men worldwide, with an increasing burden in sub-Saharan Africa. In Zambia, late presentation and limited diagnostic resources contribute to poor outcomes. This study examine the impact of prostate cancer among men undergoing finger-guided prostate biopsy at the University Teaching Hospital. The problem addressed is the continued reliance on finger-guided biopsy techniques in resource-limited settings and the implications this has for diagnosis, disease staging, and patient outcomes. The aim of the study is to evaluate clinical outcomes, diagnostic effectiveness, and the broader impact of prostate cancer on patients undergoing this procedure. A mixed-methods approach was employed, including clinical record reviews, patient interviews, and outcome analysis. Findings indicate a high prevalence of advanced-stage prostate cancer at diagnosis, significant physical and psychological burden on patients, and limitations in diagnostic precision associated with finger-guided biopsy. The study contributes to ongoing discussions on improving cancer diagnosis and management in low-resource settings and recommends investment in advanced diagnostic technologies and early screening programs.
Dharma and Violence Philosophical, Ethical and Historical Perspectives
The article discusses the intricate connection between dharma, which can be translated as moral responsibility, cosmic order, and morality, and the concept of violence in philosophical and theological traditions, especially in the Indian setting. The association of dharma with non-violence (ahimsa) is common, but the classical writings and the actions of history suggest a more nuanced understanding, in which violence is conditionally justified. The study covers the main sources, such as epic literature, legal writings and philosophical discourse, to examine how violence can be presented as a duty when it is in the service of justice, maintenance of social order or the defence of truth. The study identifies the ethical contradictions between purpose, action and result, and contends that dharma does not offer a fixed moral code but a contextual framework that demands discernment. The paper ends with a call for a reassessment of simplistic binaries of violence and non-violence and argues that dharma embraces moral diversity in human behaviour.
Assessing the State of Health and Sports Infrastructure in Higher Education Institutions: Implications for Student Wellbeing, Inclusivity, and Retention”
Higher education institutions play a critical role in shaping not only the intellectual capacity of students but also their physical health, psychological wellbeing, and social integration. However, the adequacy and accessibility of health and sports infrastructure within universities remain uneven, particularly in developing contexts. This study examines the current state of health and sports infrastructure in higher education institutions and evaluates its implications for student wellbeing, inclusivity, and retention. The problem addressed in this study is the growing mismatch between student population needs and the availability of quality recreational and health facilities, which contributes to declining physical activity levels, mental health challenges, and increased dropout rates. The aim of the study is to assess existing infrastructure and its influence on student outcomes. The study adopts a mixed-methods approach involving surveys, interviews, and institutional audits. Findings reveal that inadequate infrastructure significantly affects student engagement, inclusivity for marginalized groups, and overall retention rates. The study contributes to policy discourse by providing evidence-based recommendations for institutional investment and inclusive infrastructure planning. It concludes that improving health and sports infrastructure is essential for holistic education and student success.
Integrating geospatial technologies in land surveying can support sustainable development
The rapid growth of geospatial technologies has changed land surveying. It offers new solutions to various environmental, engineering, and development challenges. This study looks at how Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Global Positioning System (GPS), and Remote Sensing are used in modern surveying practices. It examines how these technologies improve accuracy, efficiency, and decision-making in engineering surveying, renewable energy planning, and climate change response. The research uses both conceptual and analytical methods, reviewing existing literature and practical applications to assess the role of geospatial tools in sustainable development. The findings show that combining these technologies greatly enhances spatial data management, aids infrastructure development, and supports environmental monitoring. However, challenges like limited technical knowledge, high costs, and poor infrastructure still pose significant obstacles. The study concludes that investing in training, policy support, and technological infrastructure is crucial to maximizing the advantages of geospatial technologies in developing areas.
The Psychology of Pain and Learning: Evaluating Corporal Punishment through Cognitive and Developmental Theories in African Education
This study critically examines the psychological relationship between pain and learning within the context of corporal punishment in African schools, drawing on cognitive and developmental theoretical frameworks. While corporal punishment has historically been justified as an effective disciplinary tool grounded in behaviorist assumptions of stimulus–response conditioning and deterrence, its continued use raises significant concerns regarding its impact on learners’ cognitive processing, emotional regulation, and long-term developmental outcomes. Anchored in key perspectives from cognitive psychology, including information processing theory, and developmental theories such as those of Piaget and Vygotsky, the paper interrogates whether pain-induced compliance translates into meaningful learning or merely produces short-term behavioral conformity. The analysis reveals that corporal punishment may disrupt critical cognitive functions such as attention, memory consolidation, and problem-solving, while simultaneously fostering anxiety, fear, and reduced intrinsic motivation. From a developmental standpoint, the practice is shown to conflict with age-appropriate learning needs, potentially impairing social-emotional development and moral reasoning. Furthermore, the study situates corporal punishment within broader African socio-cultural and institutional contexts, acknowledging its roots in traditional authority structures while critically evaluating its compatibility with contemporary educational goals and child rights frameworks. Using a theoretical synthesis approach, the paper argues that the psychological costs of corporal punishment outweigh its perceived disciplinary benefits, particularly in relation to holistic learner development and academic achievement. It concludes by advocating for a paradigm shift toward positive and restorative disciplinary models that align with cognitive and developmental principles, thereby promoting safer, more effective learning environments across African education systems.
A Comparative Evaluation of Active Versus Passive Decision-Making in Hedge Fund Management
This study provides a comparative evaluation of active versus passive decision-making approaches in hedge fund management, with the aim of determining their relative effectiveness in generating risk-adjusted returns, managing volatility, and sustaining long-term portfolio performance. Hedge fund managers operate in complex and dynamic financial environments where strategic decisions—whether actively timed or passively structured—significantly influence investment outcomes. The study examines how active decision-making, characterized by frequent trading, market timing, and discretionary allocation, compares with passive strategies that rely on systematic models, index tracking, and long-term holding structures. Using a comparative analytical framework grounded in modern portfolio theory and behavioural finance, the research evaluates performance differentials between the two approaches across varying market conditions, including periods of stability, recession, and high volatility. The study further investigates how managerial skill, information asymmetry, transaction costs, and behavioural biases affect the efficiency of both decision-making styles. Evidence from global hedge fund performance data suggests that while active strategies may yield superior returns during periods of market inefficiency, they are often associated with higher operational costs and increased risk exposure. Conversely, passive strategies demonstrate greater consistency and cost efficiency but may underperform in rapidly changing market environments where flexibility is essential. The findings highlight that neither approach is universally superior; rather, effectiveness is contingent upon market conditions, managerial expertise, and fund objectives. The study concludes that a hybrid decision-making model integrating both active and passive elements may offer a more balanced framework for optimizing hedge fund performance. This research contributes to ongoing debates in investment management theory by clarifying the conditions under which each decision-making style is most effective and by providing insights for hedge fund managers, institutional investors, and financial regulators.
Faith-Based Resource Mobilization: Rethinking Evangelistic Funding in Contemporary American Christianity
This article critically examines the evolving landscape of faith-based resource mobilization for evangelism within contemporary American Christianity, arguing that traditional funding paradigms are increasingly inadequate in addressing the complexities of modern mission contexts. Historically, evangelistic efforts in the United States have relied heavily on tithes, offerings, and denominational support structures rooted in theological notions of stewardship and sacrificial giving. However, shifting socio-economic conditions, declining church attendance, generational changes in giving behavior, and increasing demand for financial transparency have necessitated a rethinking of how resources are generated, managed, and deployed for evangelistic purposes. Drawing on interdisciplinary insights from theology, nonprofit management, and economic sociology, the study explores both conventional and emerging funding models, including digital giving platforms, crowdfunding, strategic partnerships, and bivocational ministry approaches. It interrogates the theological foundations underpinning resource mobilization, questioning whether current practices align with biblical principles of stewardship, justice, and mission, or whether they reflect adaptation to market-driven dynamics within a neoliberal economic framework. The article further analyzes donor psychology, institutional accountability, and leadership ethics as critical variables influencing the sustainability and effectiveness of evangelistic funding. Through a conceptual and analytical approach, the study proposes a reconfigured framework for faith-based resource mobilization that integrates theological integrity with innovative financial strategies. It advocates for a shift from transactional giving models toward relational and impact-oriented funding ecosystems that prioritize transparency, community engagement, and measurable missional outcomes. Ultimately, the article contributes to ongoing scholarly and ecclesial conversations by offering a nuanced understanding of how American Christian institutions can sustainably finance evangelism in a rapidly changing cultural and economic environment.
A Critical Evaluation of Accreditation Frameworks and their Influence on Competency-Based Module Development in Higher Education Institutions
This study critically evaluates accreditation frameworks and their influence on competency-based module development in higher education institutions. Accreditation systems have become central instruments in global higher education governance, ensuring quality assurance, institutional accountability, and standardisation of academic programmes. At the same time, higher education has increasingly shifted towards competency-based education (CBE), which prioritises measurable learning outcomes, skills acquisition, and graduate employability. This convergence has created a complex relationship between external regulatory requirements and internal curriculum design processes, particularly at the module development level. The study is grounded in Quality Assurance Theory, Competency-Based Education Theory, and Curriculum Alignment Theory, which collectively provide an analytical lens for understanding how accreditation frameworks shape curriculum structure, learning outcomes, teaching strategies, and assessment design. It examines the extent to which accreditation requirements support or constrain innovation in module development, with particular attention to pedagogical flexibility, academic autonomy, and contextual relevance in curriculum design. Methodologically, the study adopts a qualitative interpretive approach based on critical document analysis of accreditation policies, curriculum frameworks, and scholarly literature on module development practices. The findings indicate that accreditation frameworks significantly enhance standardisation, transparency, and quality assurance in higher education. However, they also introduce bureaucratic pressures that may limit innovation and flexibility in competency-based module design. The study concludes that accreditation frameworks play a dual role in higher education: they strengthen quality assurance and outcome alignment while simultaneously creating tensions between compliance requirements and pedagogical innovation. It recommends the adoption of more flexible, outcome-oriented accreditation models that balance regulatory control with academic creativity, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of competency-based module development in higher education institutions.
module development and quality assurance.
Transforming Rural Education through Innovative Teaching and Learning Approaches: A Case Study of Chiunda Ponde School, Luvushimada District
This research focuses on the effects of innovative learning and teaching methodologies on achieving educational goals and objectives in rural communities through a case study of Chiunda Ponde School in Luvushimada District, Zambia. Education in Zambia, as with other rural counterparts around the world, is a challenge due to limited resources, few and scarcely qualified teachers and socio-economically related factors. This research assesses the applicability of new strategies, including technology-integrated education, communal support structures, and culturally sensitive teaching strategies, to these challenges. The methods used in the super-vice learning study include qualitative interviews with individual teachers and other members of the community. The quantitative analysis used student performance data obtained over two consecutive years. Findings suggest that high-level approaches, such as the facilities of learning technologies in literacy and numeracy and advanced teacher training, enhanced students’ achievement. However, the participation of the communities in the education advancement enhanced parental participation and promoted the creation of an appropriate learning atmosphere for the students. Regarding the principle of targeted educational approaches, this case displays the optimistic opportunity of bridging the education divide in the rural and urban sectors. It focuses on policies concerning resource distribution, teacher professional development, and culturally responsive approaches in the teaching system in rural areas. In this regard, the results enrich the global conversation about the negations of inclusive education and co-enlightenment for sustainable development in such resketching areas as Chiunda Ponde.
An Evaluation of Financial Management Practices in Churches and Their Impact on Organizational Accountability and Growth
This study evaluates financial management practices in churches and examines their impact on organizational accountability and growth. Churches, as faith-based institutions, rely heavily on voluntary financial contributions such as tithes, offerings, and donations to sustain their spiritual, administrative, and developmental functions. Effective financial management is therefore critical to ensuring transparency, accountability, and the optimal use of resources entrusted to these institutions. The study is grounded in the understanding that church financial systems operate within both theological and organizational frameworks, where stewardship principles intersect with modern financial management practices. It investigates how budgeting, internal controls, record-keeping, auditing practices, and reporting systems influence financial accountability and institutional growth within church settings. The evaluation further considers the extent to which financial transparency affects donor confidence, member participation, and overall organizational sustainability. Findings from existing literature suggest that churches with structured financial management systems tend to demonstrate higher levels of accountability, improved resource allocation, and sustained organizational growth. Conversely, institutions with weak financial governance structures often experience challenges such as mismanagement risks, reduced trust among members, and limited capacity for expansion of programs and services. The study concludes that financial management practices are central to strengthening both accountability and growth in church institutions. It recommends the adoption of standardized financial systems, enhanced transparency mechanisms, and capacity-building initiatives for church financial administrators to improve governance and long-term sustainability.
Examines the economic role of religious institutions in social welfare financing and development programming
This study examines the economic role of religious institutions in social welfare financing and development programming. It explores how faith-based organizations mobilize financial resources, particularly through tithes, offerings, and donations, to support community welfare initiatives and complement state-led development efforts. Drawing on moral economy theory, stewardship theology, and institutional theory, the study analyzes religious institutions not only as spiritual entities but also as significant economic actors within development ecosystems. The analysis shows that religious institutions play a vital role in financing social services such as education, healthcare, poverty alleviation, and humanitarian assistance, especially in contexts where state capacity is limited or unevenly distributed. Their effectiveness is largely driven by strong community trust, voluntary participation, and value-based financial contributions rooted in ethical and spiritual commitments. However, the study also identifies key challenges, including issues of financial accountability, transparency, and coordination with formal state structures. Despite these limitations, religious institutions remain crucial partners in development programming, often bridging gaps left by public sector constraints. The study concludes that religious institutions significantly contribute to socio-economic development through decentralized welfare financing systems. Strengthening governance frameworks, improving transparency, and fostering structured collaboration between faith-based organizations and the state can enhance their developmental impact and ensure more equitable and sustainable social welfare delivery.
Tithes and Taxes: A Comparative Analysis of Religious and State-Based Revenue Systems in Socio-Economic Development
This study examines the conceptual, functional, and socio-economic dimensions of tithes and taxes as two distinct yet comparable systems of resource mobilization within religious and state frameworks. While tithing is traditionally rooted in theological doctrine and spiritual obligation, taxation is institutionalized through legal and administrative mechanisms to sustain public governance. The research adopts a comparative analytical approach to explore how both systems influence wealth distribution, social welfare, accountability, and development outcomes in diverse socio-economic contexts. The study investigates the historical evolution of tithing practices alongside modern taxation systems, highlighting their underlying principles of obligation, compliance, and redistribution. It further evaluates the extent to which each system contributes to community development, poverty alleviation, and institutional sustainability. Particular attention is given to issues of equity, transparency, and efficiency, assessing whether faith-based contributions can complement or challenge state-driven fiscal policies. Using qualitative and secondary data analysis, the research draws on theological texts, economic theories, and public finance literature to establish a multidisciplinary framework. The findings suggest that while taxation remains the primary driver of national development through structured public expenditure, tithing plays a significant role in grassroots support, moral economy formation, and social cohesion, especially in highly religious societies. The study concludes that an integrated understanding of tithes and taxes offers valuable insights into alternative models of resource governance. It recommends a more collaborative approach between religious institutions and the state to enhance socio-economic development, particularly in contexts where trust in public systems is limited and faith-based organizations command significant influence.