The Bible and Rwandan Culture: An Inquiry into Opportunities and Challenges of Inculturation

Abstract

This study investigates the interplay between biblical teachings and Rwandan culture, focusing on the opportunities and challenges of inculturation in theological formation. The primary objective is to assess how theology students at the Catholic University of Rwanda (CUR) perceive the integration of Scripture with local cultural values. The hypothesis guiding the research posits that Rwandan culture offers both meaningful points of contact, such as communalism, proverbs, and reverence for elders, and critical tensions, including practices like witchcraft, and traditional funeral rites, which require careful biblical evaluation. A mixed-methods approach was employed, using structured questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. A purposive sample of 43 students was drawn from a population of 130 theology students. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, while qualitative responses were interpreted through thematic content analysis. Results show that 84% of respondents identified positive cultural elements compatible with biblical values. However, only 42% felt adequately prepared to lead inculturated catechesis or liturgical celebrations. The majority (78%) acknowledged the relevance of biblical models like Paul’s Areopagus discourse (Acts 17) and Jesus’ use of local metaphors in preaching. The study concludes that while CUR students value the potential for dialogue between Scripture and culture, there remains a gap in practical training for implementing inculturation. It recommends strengthening courses in contextual theology and biblical anthropology, as well as providing field-based learning opportunities. These initiatives can enhance students’ capacity to critically engage Rwandan culture while maintaining the integrity of the Gospel.