Antibacterial Activities, Phytochemical Analysis, and Genotoxicity Test of Aqueous and Methanolic leave extracts of Jatropha tanjorensis
Keywords:
Jatropha tanjorensis, Antibacterial, aqueous extracts, methanolic extracts, Phytochemistry, toxicityAbstract
The leaves of Jatropha tanjorensis have been found to have important application both in traditional medicine and as an edible vegetable in Nigerian soups. The need to substantiate the widely acclaimed antibacterial potentials of Jatropha tanjorensis leaf informed the present study. Two extract types of Jatropha tanjorensis leaf: aqueous extract of Jatropha tanjorensis (JAE) and methanolic extract of Jatropha tanjorensis (JME) were prepared and analysed for antibacterial activities against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Enterobacter species, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using the agar-well diffusion technique. The plants extracts preparations, the qualitative phytochemical analysis, were performed using standard methods.The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were also determined using standard methods. The genotoxicity test of the extracts was determined according to Organisation for Economic Cooperation Development (OECD) 420, (2001) guidelines. The result of the phytochemical analysis indicated the presence of tannin, terpenoids, flavonoids, carbohydrate, alkaloids, proteins and amino acids, cardiac glycosides, saponin, and glycoside, in JAE. The result of antibacterial analysis revealed that both leaf extracts of Jatropha tanjorensis were inhibitory to all the clinical isolates used in this study, indicating that both extracts have broad spectrum activity. The zone of inhibition (cm) ranged between 2.00± 0.41 and 1.37± 0.05 with JME having the highest inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus, While JAE had the lowest against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value ranged between 12.50mg/ML and 0.781mg/mL. The minimum bactericidal concentration value ranged between >50.00mg/mL and 0.781mg/ML. The genotoxicity result revealed from the gel images that JAE, and JME had some effects on the rat DNA, these extracts cut the DNA into pieces (plate 1 C and D). It also shows slight effect on the human DNA (plates 3 C and D) if exposed to the exracts for longer hours. These same extracts had no effects on the other DNA analysed (plates 2A-D).
References
1. Adindu, C. S., Odili, L. C., Nwagu, E. E., Agu, K. C., Awah, N. S., Okeke, B. C., & Orjionwe, R. N. (2016). Phytochemical and antimicrobial screening of Cola gigantea leaves, stem and bark. Universal Journal of Microbiology Research, 4(2), 49–54.
2. Adegoke, S. A., Opata, O. M., & Olajide, J. E. (2010). Antimicrobial activity of the aqueous, methanol and chloroform leaf extracts of Cissus multistriata. African Journal of Biotechnology, 9(8), 1168–1172.
3. Agu, K. C., Igweoha, C. A., & Umeh, C. N. (2013). Antimicrobial activity of the ethanolic and petroleum ether extracts of tangerine seeds on selected bacteria. International Journal of Agriculture and Bioscience, 2(1), 22–24.
4. Agu, K. C., Awah, N. S., Sampson, P. G., Ikele, M. O., Mbachu, A. E., Ojiagu, K. D., Okeke, C. B., Okoro, N. C. N., & Okafor, O. I. (2014). Identification and pathogenicity of rot-causing fungal pathogens associated with Xanthosoma sagittifolium spoilage in South Eastern Nigeria. International Journal of Agriculture Innovations and Research, 2(6), 1155–1159.
5. Agu, K. C., Awah, N. S., Nnadozie, A. C., Okeke, B. C., Orji, M. U., Iloanusi, C. A., Anaukwu, C. G., Eneite, H. C., Ifediegwu, M. C., Umeoduagu, N. D., & Udoh, E. E. (2016). Isolation, identification and pathogenicity of fungi associated with cocoyam (Colocasia esculenta) spoilage. Food Science and Technology, 4(5), 103–106. https://doi.org/10.13189/fst.2016.040503
6. Anazodo, C. A., Abana, C. C., Agu, K. C., Victor-Aduloju, A. T., Okoli, F. A., Ifediegwu, M. C., Awari, V. G., & Chidozie, C. P. (2024). In vitro antifungal efficacy of Allium cepa and Allium sativum: A comparative study with commercial drugs.
7. Anazodo, C. A., Adepeju, D. M., Okoli, F. A., Obasi, C. J., Abana, C. C., Agu, K. C., Ezenwelu, C. O., Awari, V. G., & Umeoduagu, N. D. (2024). Investigating the susceptibility of otomycosis-causing microorganisms to different ear drops. International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science, 6(6), 1958–1965.
8. Årdal, C. (2019). Antibiotic development: Economic, regulatory and societal challenges. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 18, 267–274.
9. Awah, N. S., Agu, K. C., Okorie, C. C., Okeke, C. B., Iloanusi, C. A., Irondi, C. R., Udemezue, O. I., Kyrian-Ogbonna, A. E., Anaukwu, C. G., Eneite, H. C., Ifediegwu, M. C., Umeoduagu, N. D., Abah, N. H., & Ekong, U. S. (2016). In-vitro assessment of the antibacterial quality of some commonly used herbal and non-herbal toothpastes on Streptococcus mutans. Open Journal of Dentistry and Oral Medicine, 4(2), 21–25. https://doi.org/10.13189/ojdom.2016.040201
10. Awah, N. S., Agu, K. C., Ikedinma, J. C., Uzoechi, A. N., Eneite, H. C., Victor-Aduloju, A. T., Umeoduagu, N. D., Onwuatuegwu, J. T. C., & Ilikannu, S. O. (2017). Antibacterial activities of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the male and female Carica papaya leaves. Bioengineering and Bioscience, 5(2), 25–29. https://doi.org/10.13189/bb.2017.050201
11. Awari, V. G., Umeoduagu, N. D., Agu, K. C., Okonkwo, N. N., Ozuah, C. L., & Victor-Aduloju, A. T. (2023). The ubiquity, importance and harmful effects of microorganisms. International Journal of Progressive Research in Engineering Management and Science, 3(12), 1–10.
12. Awari, V. G., Umeoduagu, N. D., Agu, K. C., Obasi, C. J., Okonkwo, N. N., & Chidozie, C. P. (2024). Antibiogram of pathogenic Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from hospital environment. International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science, 13(2), 1–10.
13. Chibuogwu, C. C., Njoku, U. O., Nwodo, F. C., Ozougwu, E. O., & Nweze, V. N. (2021). Toxicity assessment of the methanol extract of Jatropha tanjorensis leaves. Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 7, Article 143.
14. Karthigaiselvi, K., & Rameshwari, K. S. (2016). Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Stemodia viscosa. European Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research, 3, 417–421.
15. Mostafa, A. A., Al-Askar, A. A., Almaary, K. S., Dawoud, T. M., Sholkamy, E. N., & Bakri, M. M. (2018). Antimicrobial activity of some plant extracts. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 25, 361–366.
16. Obasi, C. J., Agu, K. C., Anazodo, C. A., Aniekwu, C. J., Okeke, C. B., Adepeju, D. M., Okoli, F. A., & Umeoduagu, N. D. (2024). In vitro activity of β-lactams against multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. International Journal of Scientific Research & Engineering Trends, 10(3), 426–432.
17. Obeagu, E. I., Nimo, O. M., Bunu, U. O., Ugwu, O. P. C., & Alum, E. U. (2023). Medicinal plants as alternatives in anaemia treatment. Newport International Journal of Scientific and Experimental Sciences, 4(2).
18. Obianom, O. A., Ogbonna, U. S. A., Agu, K. C., Ozuah, C. L., Okonkwo, N. N., Victor-Aduloju, A. T., & Umeoduagu, N. D. (2023). Microbiological and phytochemical evaluation of jackfruit and soursop. International Journal of Science Academic Research, 4(11), 6662–6674.
19. OECD. (2001). Guidelines for the testing of chemicals: Acute oral toxicity—Acute toxic class method (423) (pp. 1–14).
20. Okaiyeto, K., Ojemaye, M. O., Hoppe, H., Mabinya, L. V., & Okoh, A. I. (2019). Phytofabrication of silver/silver chloride nanoparticles. Molecules, 24, 4382. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24234382
21. Omoregie, E. S., & Osagie, A. U. (2011). Effect of Jatropha tanjorensis leaves supplement. Journal of Food Biochemistry, 35(2), 409–424.
22. Orji, M. U., Agu, K. C., Nwafor, H. C., Ogbonna, U. S. A., Egurefa, S. O., Umeoduagu, N. D., Igwilo, C. Q., Awari, V. G., & Uwanta, L. I. (2025). Harnessing antifungal properties of Ocimum gratissimum. International Journal of Innovative and Applied Research, 13(1), 12–29. https://doi.org/10.58538/IJIAR/2119
23. Oso, B. A., Ogunnusi, T. A., & Fagbem, M. E. (2018). Antimicrobial effect of plant extracts. Microbiology Research Journal International, 24(5), 1–15.
24. Ubaoji, K. I., Nwosu, O. K., Agu, K. C., Nwozor, K. O., Ifedilichukwu, N. H., & Okaka, A. N. C. (2020). GC analysis of Ginkgo biloba leaf extracts. Journal of Scientific Research in Medical and Biological Sciences, 1(2), 45–56.
25. Umeoduagu, N. D., Chidozie, C. P., Ifemeje, E. M., Anazodo, C. A., Okoli, F. A., Okonkwo, N. N., Uwanta, L. I., Agu, K. C., & Azuka, G. E. (2023). Halitosis and antimicrobial susceptibility. International Journal of Scientific Research & Engineering Trends, 9(5), 1309–1315.
26. Umeoduagu, N. D., Egurefa, S. O., Awari, V. G., Agu, K. C., Udenweze, E. C., & Uwanta, L. I. (2023). Bacteriological and antibiotic resistance evaluation. International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews, 4(8), 554–560.
27. Van Beek, T. A. (1999). Modern methods of secondary product isolation and analysis. In N. J. Walton & D. E. Brown (Eds.), Chemicals from plants: Perspectives on plant secondary metabolites. Imperial College Press.
