Genomic Profiling of Primary Vaginal Tumors: Molecular Landscape, Clinical Significance, and Future Directions
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.65336/WJAMS.2026.3503Keywords:
Vaginal cancer, genomic profiling, HPV-associated carcinoma, next-generation sequencing, PIK3CA, TP53, actionable mutations, precision oncology.Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most common histological subtype of primary vaginal cancer, a rare gynaecologic disease that accounts for fewer than 2% of female genital tract cancers. Because it is uncommon, therapeutic approaches are frequently generalised from vulvar and cervical malignancies, which restricts individualised treatment plans. Recent advancements in multi-omics and next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have made it possible to profile the genomes of primary vaginal tumours, revealing their molecular heterogeneity and finding useful mutations. The genomic landscape of primary vaginal tumours is reviewed in this study, with an emphasis on important genetic changes, molecular markers linked to HPV, and clinically significant pathways.
To find recurring mutations, copy number variations, and pathway-level disruptions, a methodical research approach was used by analysing recent genomic publications, cancer genome archives, and clinical sequencing reports. To show the frequency of mutations like TP53, PIK3CA, PTEN, CDKN2A, KRAS, and changes in EGFR and TERT, data were collated. Different molecular characteristics, such as viral-driven oncogenesis vs genomic instability and p53 disruption, are revealed by comparing the profiles of HPV-positive and HPV-negative tumours. Prognostic stratification, immunotherapy biomarkers, and targeted therapeutics are all considered in regard to the clinical consequences of genetic profiling.Challenges such as small cohort sizes, tumor heterogeneity, and limited clinical trial evidence remain barriers to translation. Future perspectives emphasize integrated transcriptomics, liquid biopsy monitoring, and AI-driven precision oncology. Genomic profiling offers a transformative approach for improving diagnosis, prognostic prediction, and biomarker-guided therapy in vaginal cancer.
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