PYRAZOLINE DERIVATIVES AS EMERGING SCAFFOLDS AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS: CHEMISTRY, BIOLOGICAL INSIGHTS, AND BROADER THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL
Keywords:
Pyrazoline, Antitubercular, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Biological activityAbstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global infectious-disease challenge, particularly because treatment is complicated by drug resistance and limitations of existing regimens. Pyrazoline derivatives have attracted attention as versatile heterocyclic scaffolds with reported antimycobacterial activity and interactions with targets such as shikimate kinase and enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (InhA). Studies summarized in this review indicate that changes in substitution pattern, including halogen, nitro, and methoxy groups, and fusion or hybridization with benzothiazole, oxadiazole, pyrimidine, and quinazolinone systems can substantially influence activity. Several reported analogues show low MIC values in experimental mycobacterial models. In addition to antitubercular effects, pyrazoline-containing compounds have been investigated for antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, antiparasitic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, analgesic, and other pharmacological activities. The biological response is frequently dependent on both the nature and position of substituents. Taken together, the available literature supports continued investigation of pyrazoline-based structures as multifunctional medicinal-chemistry leads, while further optimization and appropriate biological and safety evaluation remain necessary.
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